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Annona

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Annona (disambiguation).

Annona
Temporal range: 70.6–0 Ma Late Cretaceous – present
Annona squamosa
Annona muricata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Subfamily: Annonoideae
Tribe: Annoneae
Genus: Annona
L.[1]
Type species
Annona muricata
Species

Some 169 (see text)

Synonyms[2]
  • Guanabanus Mill.
  • Raimondia Saff.
  • Rollinia A.St.-Hil.
  • Rolliniopsis Saff.

Annona or Anona (from Taíno annon) is a genus of flowering plants in the pawpaw/sugar apple family, Annonaceae. It is the second largest genus in the family after Guatteria,[3] containing approximately 166[4] species of mostly Neotropical and Afrotropical trees and shrubs.[5]

The generic name derives from anón, a Hispaniolan Taíno word for the fruit.[6] Paleoethnobotanical studies have dated Annona exploitation and cultivation in the Yautepec River region of Medicoto to approximately 1000 BC.[7] Plants of the genus have several common names, including sugar-apple, soursop, anona, chrimoya and guanabana.

Currently, seven Annona species (A. cherimola, A. muricata, A. squamosa, A. reticulata, A. senegalensis, A. scleroderma, A. purpurea) and one hybrid (the atemoya) are cultivated for domestic or commercial use, mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits; several others such as A. crassiflora and A. salzmannii also produce edible fruits.[8] Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases, though their efficacy has yet to be validated scientifically. Several annonaceous species have been found to contain acetogenins, a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities.[9][10] The first complete genome for a species in this genus (Annona muricata) was published in 2021.[11] The earliest fossils have been found in the Lance Formation dating to the Late Cretaceous.[12]

Description

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Annona species are taprooted, evergreen or semideciduous, tropical trees or shrubs.[5] The plants typically grow in areas where air temperature does not drop below 28 °F (−2 °C), especially Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, India the Philippines and Calabria (southern Italy). However, they have also been known to grow in certain parts of the Andes mountains in South America and in Florida.

The woody trunks have thin bark that has broad and shallow depressions or fissures which join together and are scaly, giving rise to slender, stiff, cylindrical, and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds.[5] Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy.[5]

The flowering stalks rise from axils, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stems or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundles of flowers. Usually, the three or four deciduous sepals are smaller than the outer petals that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals are arranged in two whorls—the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending and distinctively smaller, and nectar glands are darker pigmented. The numerous stamens are ball-shaped, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, are partially united to various degrees with a distinct stigma, with one or two ovules per pistil; the style and stigma are club-shaped or narrowly conic.[5]

One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit is produced per flower. Each fruit consists of many individual small fruits or syncarps, with one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds are bean-like with tough coats; the seed kernels are toxic.[5]

Pollination occurs via Dynastid scarab beetles, which appear to be basic generalists within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically derived, as well as all Rollinia spp., possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles such as Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.[13]

Toxicology

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Annonacin is a neurotoxin found in Annona muricata seeds.

The compound annonacin and dozens of other acetogenins contained in the seeds and fruit of some members of Annonaceae such as Annona muricata (soursop) are neurotoxins and seem to be the cause of a Parkinson-like neurodegenerative disease. The only group of people known to be affected by this disease live on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe and the problem presumably occurs with the consumption of plants containing annonacin. The disorder is a so-called tauopathy associated with a pathologic accumulation of tau protein in the brain. Experimental results published in 2007 demonstrated for the first time that the plant neurotoxin annonacin is responsible for this accumulation.[14]

Selected species

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Main article: List of Annona species

There are 169 accepted Annona species, as of April 2021, according to Plants of the World Online.[2]

Hybrids

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Insects and diseases

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Annona species are generally disease-free. They are susceptible to some fungi and wilt. Ants may also be a problem, since they promote mealybugs on the fruit.[16]

Insects
Fungi
Nematodes
Algae
Diseases

References

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  1. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Annona L." The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  2. ^ a b "Annona L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  3. ^ "Annona". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  4. ^ Species of Annona on The Plant List. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Flora of North America. "1. Annona Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 241, 1754". 3. Retrieved 2008-04-20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-8493-2332-4.
  7. ^ Warrington, Ian J. Warrington (2003). "Annonaceae". Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-592-6. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  8. ^ University of Southampton (March 2002). "Factsheet No. 5. Annona" (PDF). Fruits for the Future. Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilised Crops. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  9. ^ Pilar Rauter, Amélia; A. F. Dos Santos; A. E. G. Santana (2002). "Toxicity of Some species of Annona Toward Artemia Salina Leach and Biomphalaria Glabrata Say". Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 540 pages. ISBN 1-4020-1047-8. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  10. ^ Esposti, M Degli; A Ghelli; M Ratta; D Cortes; E Estornell (1994-07-01). "Natural substances (acetogenins) from the family Annonaceae are powerful inhibitors of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I)". The Biochemical Journal. 301 (Pt 1). The Biochemical Society: 161–7. doi:10.1042/bj3010161. PMC 1137156. PMID 8037664.
  11. ^ Strijk, Joeri S.; Hinsinger, Damien D.; Roeder, Mareike M.; Chatrou, Lars W.; Couvreur, Thomas L. P.; Erkens, Roy H. J.; Sauquet, Hervé; Pirie, Michael D.; Thomas, Daniel C.; Cao, Kunfang (2021). "Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology". Molecular Ecology Resources. 21 (5): 1608–1619. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13353. ISSN 1755-0998. PMC 8251617. PMID 33569882.
  12. ^ "P3855 (Cretaceous of the United States)". PBDB.org.
  13. ^ Gottsberger, Gerhard (28 April 1988). "Comments on flower evolution and beetle pollination in the genera Annona and Rollinia (Annonaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 167 (3–4). Springer Science+Business Media: 189–194. doi:10.1007/BF00936405. S2CID 40889017.
  14. ^ Informationsdienst Wissenschaft: Tauopathie durch pflanzliches Nervengift Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, 4. Mai 2007
  15. ^ Timyan, J. (2020). "Annona rosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T141033297A176438833. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T141033297A176438833.en. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  16. ^ a b Robert Vieth. "Cherimoya". Minor subtropicals. Ventura County Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
  17. ^ a b c Jorge Pena; Freddie Johnson (October 1993). "Insect Pests of Annona Crops" (PDF). Other Fruits With Insecticides Known to Have Labels for Use. Department of Entomology, University of Florida. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  18. ^ Jonathan H. Crane; Carlos F. Balerdi; Ian Maguire (April 1994). "Sugar Apple Growing in the Florida Home Landscape". Fact Sheet HS38. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
  19. ^ a b c d Bridg, Hannia (2001-05-03). Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of Annona cherimola Mill. and Annona muricata L. (Thesis). Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. doi:10.18452/14481. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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Images

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