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Battle of Lund

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Battle of Lund
Part of the Scanian War

Battle of Lund by Johann Philip Lemke
Date4 December 1676
Location
Lund, Sweden
Result Swedish victory
Belligerents
Swedish Empire Denmark–Norway
Commanders and leaders
Charles XI
S. Grundel-Helmfelt
Johan Galle  †
O. W von Fersen  (POW)
H. von Burghausen †		 Christian V
F. von Arensdorff
C. von Arensdorff (DOW)
Strength

8,000:[1]

2,000 infantry
6,000 cavalry
12 cannons

13,000:[2]

6,300 infantry
6,000 cavalry
56 cannons
Casualties and losses

3,000–4,000:

1,000–1,500 killed[3]
2,000–2,500 wounded[4]
70 captured

8,000–9,000:[5]

2,000–2,500 killed[3]
4,000–4,500 wounded
2,000 captured[a]

The Battle of Lund, part of the Scanian War, was fought on December 4, 1676, in an area north of the city of Lund in Scania in southern Sweden, between the invading Danish army and the army of Charles XI of Sweden. The Danish had an army of about 13,000 under the personal command of 31-year-old King Christian V of Denmark, aided by General Carl von Arensdorff. The Swedish army, which numbered about 8,000, was commanded by Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt and the 21-year-old Swedish king Charles XI.[6] It is one of the bloodiest battles in percent of casualties on both sides ever fought in Scandinavia.

Events leading up to the battle

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After the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin and a number of Danish triumphs at sea, the Swedish military was occupied retaining their tenuous hold on dominions in Brandenburg and Pomerania.

The Danes saw this as an opportunity to regain control over the Scanian lands, which had fallen to Sweden with the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde. The Danes invaded via Helsingborg in late June 1676 with an army of 14,000 men, where they found themselves supported by the local peasantry. This made it impossible for the outnumbered Swedish troops to effectively defend the recently acquired province. After a month, only the fortified town of Malmö remained under Swedish control.

In August, a Danish detachment tried to advance north, but Swedish King Charles XI had prepared a new army in the province of Småland, and the Danish advance was halted at the Battle of Halmstad. The Swedes had gathered 14,000 men by October, of which three-fourths were mounted, and felt confident enough to march south. They slowly fought their way in an attempt to break the siege of Malmö. Swedish supply lines were thin due to frequent interceptions by local peasants under the command of Danish officers.

In early November, the Danish king and his army had taken post at Lund, south of the Kävlinge River. The Danes controlled all the river crossings, and the Swedish army was forced to camp on the north side. For one month this situation endured, but snow arrived in late November, and the river surface began to freeze. On the morning of December 3, the Swedish General of Fortifications Erik Dahlberg reported to the king that the ice would hold their weight. The Danes assumed that the Swedes had gone into winter camp and that they would not attack until spring.[7]

Charles XI of Sweden
David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
Hat worn by Charles XI of Sweden at the battle of Lund

Order of battle

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Swedish forces

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Supreme Commander: Karl XI[8][9][10]
Commander in chief: Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt[11]
Head of cavalry: General Rutger von Ascheberg
Quartermaster general: Colonel Erik Jönsson Dahlberg.

Command Commander Strength Unit
Left wing Lt. Gen Johan Galle  †
First line
Lt. Col. Elias von Hagendorn 1 squadron Smålands cavalry
Col. Bernhard von Mellin 5 squadrons Viborgs läns cavalry
Col. Per Hierta  (WIA) 4 squadrons Västgöta cavalry
Col. Herman von Burghausen 2 squadrons 2nd Karelian dragoons
Second Line Mj. Gen. Johan Benedict von

Schönleben

Col. Robert Lichton 4 squadrons Nya Adelsfanan cavalry
Col. Hans Wachtmeister 2 squadrons The Queen Consort life guards cavalry.
Col. Herman von Burghausen 1 squadron 2nd Karelian dragoons
Center Mj. Gen. Martin Schultz von Ascheraden
First line
Col. Christopher Gyllenstierna[12] (WIA) 3 battalions Royal Life Guards of Foot
Col. Friedrich Börstell 1 battalion Skaraborg Regiment
Hans Abraham Kruuse af Verchou 1 battalion Dalarna Regiment
Col. Lars Mörner 1 battalion Västgöta-Dals Regiment
Lt. Col. Georg Fredrik von Ascheberg 1 battalion Hälsinge Regiment
Per Larsson Örnklo 1 battalion Norrländska tremänningar Regiment
Second line Maj. Gen. Barthold de Mortaigne
2 squadrons 1st Karelian dragoons
Col. Otto Vellingk 1 squadron Gamla östgötar cavalry
Col. Peter Örneklou  (WIA) 1 battalion Gästrike-Hälsinge regiment
Vellingk/Johan Anders von der Pahlen[13] (WIA) 1 squadron Gamla östgötar cavalry
1 squadron 2nd Karelian dragoons
Col. Abraham Cronhjort Småländska dragoons, "sjättingar"
Right wing Gen. Rutger von Ascheberg
First line Lt. Gen. Otto Wilhelm von Fersen (WIA):
Col. Gotthard Johan von Budberg 2 squadrons 1st Karelian dragoons
Lt. Col. Hans Henrik von Siegroth 1 squadron King's Drabants
Lt. Gen. Nils Bielke 5 squadrons Life Regiment of Horse
Col. Claes Johan Baranoff 4 squadrons Åbo-Viborg cavalry
Second line Mj.Gen. Johan Leonard Wittenberg (WIA).
Lt. Col. Wilhelm Mauritz von Post  (WIA) Skåne-Bohusläns dragoons
Lt. Col. Kasper Goës 1 squadron Attached Dragoons
Col. Johan Drake 2 squadrons Adelsfanan cavalry
Col. Kristoffer von Gyntersberg (Günthersberch) 2 squadrons Adelns fördubbling i Götaland cavalry
Col. Hans Andersson Ramsvärd 1 squadron Gamla smålänningar cavalry
Col. Carl Gustaf Rehnsköld 1 squadron Civilstatens bevilling cavalry

Unit sizes

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Squadron: 2 cavalry companies.
Battalion: 4 infantry companies.
Cavalry company: ca 75 riders.
Infantry company: ca 50 soldiers.
On average a squadron had 150 riders and a battalion 200 soldiers.[14] Because of detachments, disease and desertions the units were rarely at full strength.

Danish forces

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Supreme Commander: Kristian V[9][8][10]
Commander in chief: General Carl von Arensdorff  (DOW)

Command Commander Strength Unit
Left wing Mj. Gen. Anders Sandberg
Mj.Gen. Anders Sandberg 3 squadrons 3rd Jyske cavalry regiment
Col. Mogens Kruse Jyske adelsfanen "rostjeneste" cavalry
Conrad Reventlow 3 squadrons 2nd Fynske cavalry regiment
Col. Jacob von Bülow 3 squadrons 2nd Jyske cavalry regiment
Col. Gotfried Rauch Rauchs cavalry regiment
Col. Conrad Brinck 1 battalion Sønderjyske regiment
Carl von Arensdorff 3 squadrons 4th Jyske cavalry regiment
Col. Jörgen Brockenhus 3 squadrons Brockenhus dragoons
Center Maj. Gen. Joachim von Schack
First line Maj. Gen. Joachim von Schack
Mj. Gen. Siegwert von Bibow (Bibou) 2 battalions Kongens life regiment
Col. Dietrich Busch 2 battalions Prins Georgs regiment
Col. Jakob Vilhelm Stuart 1 battalion Stuarts regiment
Col. Hans Georg von der Schulenburg (POW) 1 battalion Duke of Croys regiment
Lt. Gen. Thomas Meldrum 2 battalions Prins Frederiks/Field Marshal Wehers
Erhom 2 battalions Dronningens life regiment
Second line Col. Johan Caspar von Cicignon
Col. Ditlev Lütken 1 battalion Lütkens regiment
Egedius Kristof Lützow 1 battalion 4th Jyske regiment
Col. Johan Caspar von Cicignon 1 battalion 1st Fynske regiment
3 battalions Tromps sailors
Col. Bartold Bülow 1 battalion 3rd Jyske regiment
Col. Konrad Brinck 1 battalion Duke of Plöns
Right wing Lt.Gen. Friedrich von Arensdorff
First line Mj. Gen. Hans Wilhelm Meerheim
Second line Col. Ditlef Rantzau  †
Col. Ditlef von Örtzen 3 squadrons Örtzens dragoons
Lt.Col. Carl Adolf von Plessen. (POW) 2 squadrons Horse guards
Mj.Gen. Hans Wilhelm Meerheim 3 squadrons Life Regiment of Horse
Col. Hans Frederik Friedrich Levetzow 3 squadrons 1st Jyske cavalry regiment
Col. Kristian Kristoffer Holck  †. 2 squadrons Sjællandske adelsfanan "rostjeneste"
Lt.Gen. Gustaf Adolf Bauditz (Baudissin) 2 squadrons Bauditz regiment
Col. Ditlef Rantzau 2 squadrons 2nd Sjællandske cavalry
Lt.Col. Bernhard Christopher Kaas 3 squadrons 1st Fynske (Duncans) cavalry
Lt.Gen. Friedrich von Arensdorff 3 squadrons 1st Sjællandske cavalry

Battle

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Before daybreak the Swedish army broke camp and made preparations to cross the river. The Swedes had 2,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry at their disposal; their Danish opponents had more than 5,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, in addition to a few hundred Dutch sailors—in all, about 13,000 men. Under the cover of a moonless night, between 04:00 and 05:30, the entire Swedish force successfully crossed the river and reached the southern bank without alarming the Danes. The Swedes planned to attack the sleeping Danish camp with cavalry from the southeast. Reconnaissance patrols reported that the ground between the two armies was unsuitable for mounted troops, so King Charles XI and his generals gathered to discuss the new situation. Most advisers pointed out that it would be foolish to attack by foot as the Danish army possessed much more infantry and the Swedish main strength lay in its cavalry. Additionally, the Swedes would likely lose the element of surprise during the long march towards the Danish camp. The king was eager to attack at once, but was swayed by his advisers. He ordered the troops to advance towards the hills just outside the north wall of Lund, to seize a tactical advantage. The hills would mean better terrain for the cavalry and the town itself would cover the Swedish southern flank. By then the Danes had woken, and soon recognised the Swedish intentions. The Danes quickly broke camp and started to race the Swedes for control of the hills. The first skirmish was between the Swedish right wing and the Danish left wing, and ended in a draw. However, the hills were secured under Swedish control, and the Danes were pushed to the east.

The main battle began at 09:00, at sunrise. The front now stretched one kilometer from north to south, with the Danes to the east and the Swedes to the west. The Danish army was supported by 56 cannon of various calibers, while the Swedes brought only eight six-pounders and four three-pounders. Once the fighting commenced, Charles XI personally led a flanking maneuver to overwhelm the Danish left flank. During the fighting, the Danish commander Carl von Arensdorff was badly wounded,[15] and the entire left wing was forced to retreat at 10:00, severely crippling the Danish army. von Arensdorff would later die from gangrene[16] after amputation. Charles XI and Field Marshal Simon Grundel Helmfelt used their cavalry to pursue fleeing Danish troops and cut down any who lagged behind. The pursuit continued eight kilometers, right up to the river. Some officers at the Danish camp attempted to ward off the Swedes, but many Danes were forced onto the ice. The ice did not hold, and a great number of the remaining Danish left wing drowned.

Battle of Lund 1676

While the Danish left wing fled, the right wing pushed the Swedes back until the Swedish left wing scattered with its commander lieutenant general Johan Galle killed.[12] With the absence of Danish King Christian V and with General Arensdorff wounded, Friedrich von Arensdorff, the general's brother, had assumed command of the Danish army. The Danish front was now facing south and the Swedish forces found themselves under constant attack with their backs against the town wall. The situation for the Swedes was desperate, as there had been no sign of the king, the Household cavalry, or the Field Marshal for hours. The Swedes were also greatly outnumbered, with approximately 1,400 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, as the Danes approximately counted 4,500 infantry and 2,100 cavalry. However, instead of forcing the attack, Friedrich von Arensdorff ordered the army to regroup at noon, halting the battle.

At the river, the Swedish king was contemplating his next move. Available intelligence from the town was scarce, and suggested that the whole Danish army was on the run. Although he was tempted to rout the fleeing Danish cavalry all the way to Landskrona, he decided to return to his army instead.

The battle at Lund renewed, and the Swedes were forced back once more. At sunset (about 15:00) the Swedish king returned from the north with his cavalry, combined with some cavalry units from the scattered Swedish left wing. He decided to try to circle the Danish army to the west to join the remains of the Swedish center. Danish commander Arensdorff made the decision to halt the offensive on the Swedish center and instead tend to the enemy cavalry in the northwest.

Battle of Lund, secondary engagement - Johann Philip Lemke

Charles XI, two generals, and three guards broke through the Danish lines to join the diminished Swedish center. While Arensdorff was still attacking the cavalry in the north, the return of the Swedish king inspired the exhausted troops, who attacked the Danish forces in the back. Though the Danes still outnumbered the Swedes, by approximately 4,500 to 4,000, Arensdorff had lost the initiative and after half an hour his army disintegrated. Charles XI wanted to clear the field of Danish soldiers. The remaining Danish cavalry quickly disappeared into the night. Although Danish General Siegwert von Bibow protected the infantry retreat, many of the Danes were massacred until Field Marshal Helmfelt ordered the killing to stop and the surrendering Danish soldiers were spared. At 17:00 a ceasefire was sounded.

Aftermath

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Monument commemorating the Battle of Lund, erected in 1876. Translation: "Here fought and bled people of the same tribe. Reconciled descendants erected the memorial"

Although the bodies were counted the next day, the original notes have been lost and the exact death toll is unknown. Contemporary Swedish sources indicate that between 8,300 and 9,000 were buried, excluding the Danes that drowned and soldiers that died from their wounds over the following weeks; however, it is likely that the peasants burying the bodies inflated the reported numbers for economic reasons, as suggested by author Gustaf Björlin, or that they include soldiers that had died of sickness and other reasons prior to the battle.[3] One contemporary Danish source talks about a total of 9,300 dead.[17] More realistically, the total deaths on the battlefield amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000 men, of which about 1,000 or slightly more were Swedes.[3] The Swedes also had 2,000 men severely wounded after the battle, and perhaps 500 or so lightly wounded.[4] According to Danish sources, their army had but 5,000 combat-ready men after the battle. Swedish sources, on the other hand, estimates that only 400 infantry and 2,500 Danish cavalry made it out unharmed; this number does not include artillery personnel or officers. At least 1,500 Danes had been captured and another 500 or so had been dispersed (of which many were subsequently killed or captured).[5] The Dutch sailors had been exceptionally unfortunate; according to various sources, only a few dozen out of the 1,300 survived. The battle severely crippled both armies, seeing as it was extremely bloody when taking into consideration the casualties in comparison to the total number of combatants.[18]

The Swedish victory is often attributed to the composition of their army, as it contained far fewer mercenaries than the Danish army. The Swedish mix of cavalry and infantry made it possible for the Swedes to mount swift counterattacks as soon as a friendly infantry unit buckled. The Danish still used the caracole tactic, undermining the speed and agility of their cavalry.

The victory at Lund boosted the morale of the Swedish army. Charles XI was criticized for getting carried away by his success on the right flank, but the battle made him popular with his troops. The remaining Danish forces were forced to retreat to the fortress of Landskrona. Reinforced by their Austrian and German allies, they would once again meet the Swedish army at the Battle of Landskrona.

See also

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Notes, citations and sources

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Notes

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  1. ^ Including about 500 Danes who had been dispersed during or after the battle and were, possibly, subsequently killed or captured.[5]

Citations

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  1. ^ Rystad 2005, pp. 112–114.
  2. ^ Rystad 2005, pp. 115–117.
  3. ^ a b c d Stark 2019.
  4. ^ a b Rystad 2005, p. 141.
  5. ^ a b c Rystad 2005, pp. 139–140.
  6. ^ Rystad 2005, p. 107.
  7. ^ Björlin, Gustaf. "Kriget mot Danmark 1675–1679" [War against Denmark 1675–1679] (in Swedish). Zenker.se. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  8. ^ a b Wahlöö, Claes; Larsson, Göran (1998). Slaget vid Lund: ett mord och icke ett fältslag. Lund: Historiska media. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-91-88930-38-5.
  9. ^ a b Jensen 1900, p. 18.
  10. ^ a b Rystad 2005, p. 112-116.
  11. ^ Isacson, Claes-Göran (2000). Skånska kriget 1675-1679 (in Swedish). Lund : Stockholm: Historiska media ; Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. pp. 113–116. ISBN 978-91-85873-73-9.
  12. ^ a b Rystad 2001, pp. 91.
  13. ^ "Von der Pahlen nr 75 - Adelsvapen-Wiki". www.adelsvapen.com. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  14. ^ Wahlöö, Claes; Larsson, Göran (1998). Slaget vid Lund: ett mord och icke ett fältslag (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 38. ISBN 978-91-88930-38-5.
  15. ^ Wahlöö, Claes; Larsson, Göran (1998). Slaget vid Lund: ett mord och icke ett fältslag (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 42. ISBN 978-91-88930-38-5.
  16. ^ Wahlöö, Claes; Larsson, Göran (1998). Slaget vid Lund: ett mord och icke ett fältslag (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 105. ISBN 978-91-88930-38-5.
  17. ^ Wahlöö & Larsson 1999, p. 85.
  18. ^ "Massgravarna vid Lund – TV4 Play". Tv4play.se. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2013-06-18.

Sources

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