Agoh–Giuga conjecture

In number theory the Agoh–Giuga conjecture on the Bernoulli numbers B_k postulates that p is a prime number if and only if

$pB_{p-1}\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}.$

It is named after Takashi Agoh and Giuseppe Giuga.

Equivalent formulation

The conjecture as stated above is due to Takashi Agoh (1990); an equivalent formulation is due to Giuseppe Giuga, from 1950, to the effect that p is prime if and only if

$1^{p-1}+2^{p-1}+\cdots +(p-1)^{p-1}\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}$

which may also be written as

$\sum _{i=1}^{p-1}i^{p-1}\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}.$

It is trivial to show that p being prime is sufficient for the second equivalence to hold, since if p is prime, Fermat's little theorem states that

$a^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}}$

for $a=1,2,\dots ,p-1$, and the equivalence follows, since $p-1\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}.$

Status

The statement is still a conjecture since it has not yet been proven that if a number n is not prime (that is, n is composite), then the formula does not hold. It has been shown that a composite number n satisfies the formula if and only if it is both a Carmichael number and a Giuga number, and that if such a number exists, it has at least 13,800 digits (Borwein, Borwein, Borwein, Girgensohn 1996). Laerte Sorini, finally, in a work of 2001 showed that a possible counterexample should be a number n greater than  10³⁶⁰⁶⁷ which represents the limit suggested by Bedocchi for the demonstration technique specified by Giuga to his own conjecture.

Relation to Wilson's theorem

The Agoh–Giuga conjecture bears a similarity to Wilson's theorem, which has been proven to be true. Wilson's theorem states that a number p is prime if and only if

$(p-1)!\equiv -1{\pmod {p}},$

which may also be written as

$\prod _{i=1}^{p-1}i\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}.$

For an odd prime p we have

$\prod _{i=1}^{p-1}i^{p-1}\equiv (-1)^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}},$

and for p=2 we have

$\prod _{i=1}^{p-1}i^{p-1}\equiv (-1)^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}}.$

So, the truth of the Agoh–Giuga conjecture combined with Wilson's theorem would give: a number p is prime if and only if

$\sum _{i=1}^{p-1}i^{p-1}\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}$

and

$\prod _{i=1}^{p-1}i^{p-1}\equiv 1{\pmod {p}}.$

See also

• Bernoulli number § Arithmetical properties of the Bernoulli numbers

References

• Giuga, Giuseppe (1951). "Su una presumibile proprietà caratteristica dei numeri primi". Ist.Lombardo Sci. Lett., Rend., Cl. Sci. Mat. Natur. (in Italian). 83: 511–518. ISSN 0375-9164. Zbl 0045.01801.
• Agoh, Takashi (1995). "On Giuga's conjecture". Manuscripta Mathematica. 87 (4): 501–510. doi:10.1007/bf02570490. Zbl 0845.11004.
• Borwein, D.; Borwein, J. M.; Borwein, P. B.; Girgensohn, R. (1996). "Giuga's Conjecture on Primality" (PDF). American Mathematical Monthly. 103 (1): 40–50. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.586.1424. doi:10.2307/2975213. JSTOR 2975213. Zbl 0860.11003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-31. Retrieved 2005-05-29.
• Sorini, Laerte (2001). "Un Metodo Euristico per la Soluzione della Congettura di Giuga". Quaderni di Economia, Matematica e Statistica, DESP, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo (in Italian). 68. ISSN 1720-9668.