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Biratnagar

Coordinates: 26°27′15″N 87°16′47″E / 26.4542°N 87.2797°E / 26.4542; 87.2797
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Biratnagar
विराटनगर
Metropolitan City
Biratnagar Metropolitan City
From top, left to right: Biratnagar Gate, Biratnagar industrial skyline, Biratnagar market skyline, Greenery panorama seen from Biratnagar Eye Hospital
Nicknames: 
Capital of Nepal[1][2][3]
Biratnagar is located in Koshi Province
Biratnagar
Biratnagar
Location of Biratnagar in Koshi Province
Biratnagar is located in Nepal
Biratnagar
Biratnagar
Biratnagar (Nepal)
Coordinates: 26°27′15″N 87°16′47″E / 26.45417°N 87.27972°E / 26.45417; 87.27972
Country Nepal
ProvinceKoshi
DistrictMorang
Incorporated1914 (as district headquarters)
Upgraded to metropolitan city2017
Wards19
Government
 • TypeMayor-council
 • BodyBiratnagar Metropolitan City Council
 • Mayor (2022-2027)Nagesh Koirala https://www.biratnagarmun.gov.np/en (Congress)[4]
 • Deputy MayorShilpa Niraula Karki (CPN-UML)
 • Chief Administrative OfficerRajendra Parajuli [5]
Area
 • Total
77 km2 (30 sq mi)
Elevation
80 m (260 ft)
Population
 (2021[6])
 • Total
244,750
 • Rank6th (Nepal)[6]
1st (Koshi Province)
 • Density3,200/km2 (8,200/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialNepali
 • RegionalMaithili
Time zoneUTC+5:45 (NST)
Postal code
56613
Area code021
Websitebiratnagarmun.gov.np
Biratnagar Drone Shot by Thulung Photo
Aerial View of Biratnagar, Eastern Nepal

Biratnagar (Nepali: विराटनगर) is a metropolitan city in Nepal, which serves as the capital of Koshi Province.[7][8][9] With a Metropolitan Urban Agglomeration population of 244,750 as per the 2021 census,[10] it is the largest city and fastest growing city in the province and also the headquarters of Morang district.[11] As per the preliminary report of 2022 Nepal census, Biratnagar Metropolitan has an estimated city population of 243,927 excluding the suburban areas which are now very well connected to the old town. It is the administrative center of the Greater Birat Development Area which incorporates the cities of Biratnagar and its suburbs and towns of-Itahari-Gothgau-Biratchowk-Dharan[12] primarily located on the Koshi Highway in Eastern Nepal, with an estimated total urban agglomerated population of 804,300 people in 159,332 households including the town of Ithari.[13] Biratnagar is located 399 km (248 mi) east of the capital, Kathmandu, and 6 km (3.7 mi) north of the bordering town of Jogbani in the Indian state of Bihar which is very well connected through Rani Path (Old Highway) and Koshi Path (New Highway). It is one of the major entry point in Nepal for Businessmen as well as Tourists who come to visit Nepal for various purposes. A customs duty is required to be paid for Indian vehicles in Nepal and Vice-versa.

Biratnagar was declared a metropolitan city on 22 May 2017,[14] a merger with additional wards pushing the total population to over 240,000.[15] It is the sixth largest city of Nepal, with 244,750 inhabitants as per 2021 Nepal census.[6]

The city is home to various large and medium scale industries inducing the Biratnagar Jute Mills, the first large-scale industry of Nepal. Besides being considered as the industrial capital of Nepal, the city has contributed actively to the Nepalese democracy movement by being the birthplace of five prime ministers of democratic Nepal. The latter claim is also evident from the fact that the first labor strike leading to the anti-Rana movement started from Biratnagar.

Modern-day Biratnagar serves as an entry point to eastern Nepal[16] as well as north-eastern India.[17] It is the second Nepalese city, after Janakpur, to have a connection with the Indian Railways[18][19] and the only city other than Birgunj to operate an integrated check post (ICP) on the Indian border.[20][21]

Mayors

[edit]
Election[22] Mayor Party Tenure
2074 Bhim Parajuli Nepali Congress 2074-2079
2079 Nagesh Koirala Nepali Congress 2079-2084

History

[edit]

In 1914, Colonel Jit Bahadur Khatri, the then district governor, laid the foundations of modern Biratnagar by moving the hospital, post office, prison and the customs, land registry, forestry and auditor offices to Gograha Bazaar from Rangeli, the then district capital of Morang.[23]

The recorded history of Biratnagar dates back to the beginning of the 7th century, when King Mung Mawrong Hang came to prominence in the terai lands of Limbuwan (present-day Sunsari, Morang, and Jhapa areas). He cleared much of the forest area in present-day Rangeli, east of Biratnagar, and built a town there. He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power.[24][25]

The old name of Biratnagar was Gograha Bazaar. The ruins of temples, palaces, and ponds are scattered in a vast area to the south of the current city, in Vedhyari, Buddhanagar. The preservation of this heritage has been a major problem citing the encroachment of newcomers into the city.

The town was named Biratnagar in 1919 (1976 BS) by Keshar Shamsher Rana after the ruins of a palace, thought to be of King Virat (not proved), and other objects of historical importance were found.[23] Kingdom of Virata mentioned in Mahabharata is however believed to be Viratnagar, located in present-day Rajasthan. King Virata was the king of the Matsya Kingdom, in whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their Agyaata Vaasa in the exile. According to the Markandeya Purana, the famous seven Kirata kingdoms during the Mahabharat time were Aswakut or Kabul, Kulya or Kulu Valley, Matsya or North Bihar Paundra or Bengal, Sumer or Assam, Malak or Mlek or Lohit, Kinner Kirat or Garhwal and Nepal. In those days, the Kirat people were ruling all the lands from Himalayan Mountains to the sea shores of the Bay of Bengal.[26]

In Nepali, Birat (Nepali: विराट) refers to King "Virata" of the Matsya Kingdom and Nagar (Nepali: नगर) means "City"; Literally King Virata's City. still the raja birat durbar in Biratnagar 18 near the icp gate , tole name is vedyari .

On 4 March 1947, the first anti-Rana movement in Nepal started in Biratnagar at the Biratnagar jute mills under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala and B. P. Koirala. This sparked a countrywide anti-Rana demonstration that eventually led to the abolishment of Rana rule in Nepal.

Climate

[edit]

The City has its best climate between February to mid April and August to early December. The highest temperature ever recorded in Biratnagar was 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) on the 14 April 1992, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) in December 1970 and January 1971.[27]

Climate data for Biratnagar (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1) 		26.3
(79.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.3
(77.5) 		30.4
(86.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		18.9
(66.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.2
(84.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		24.9
(76.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		19.2
(66.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.1
(0.44) 		11.0
(0.43) 		16.8
(0.66) 		58.8
(2.31) 		172.0
(6.77) 		306.2
(12.06) 		475.6
(18.72) 		353.1
(13.90) 		269.1
(10.59) 		75.7
(2.98) 		3.8
(0.15) 		4.3
(0.17) 		1,757.5
(69.19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.2 1.5 1.8 4.5 9.9 15.1 18.8 16.3 13.5 3.7 0.4 0.5 87.1
Source: World Meteorological Organization[28]

Demography

[edit]

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Biratnagar Metropolitan City had a population of 218,526. Of these, 39.4% spoke Maithili, 38.3% Nepali, 5.3% Urdu, 2.5% Rajasthani, 2.3% Tharu, 2.1% Rajbanshi, 2.0% Bhojpuri, 1.9% Hindi, 1.6% Newar, 0.8% Bengali, 0.6% Magahi, 0.5% Tamang, 0.4% Rai, 0.3% Gurung, 0.3% Limbu, 0.3% Magar, 0.2% Bhujel, 0.2% Uranw/Urau, 0.1% Bantawa, 0.1% Santali, 0.1% Sunuwar and 0.2% other languages as their first language.[29]

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 18.7% were Hill Brahmin, 10.0% Chhetri, 8.3% Musalman, 5.2% Yadav, 4.6% Newar, 3.6% Kewat, 3.3% Marwadi, 2.9% Dhanuk, 2.8% Teli, 2.8% Tharu, 2.6% Mallaha, 2.6% Rajbanshi, 2.2% other Terai, 2.0% Musahar, 1.8% Halwai, 1.6% Kathabaniyan, 1.5% Kayastha, 1.4% Sudhi, 1.3% Nuniya, 1.2% Dusadh/Paswan/Pasi, 1.2% Magar, 1.2% Rai, 1.0% Bengali, 1.0% Tamang, 0.9% Hajam/Thakur, 0.8% Kalwar, 0.8% Rajput, 0.7% Bantar/Sardar, 0.6% Chamar/Harijan/Ram, 0.6% Gurung, 0.6% Kami, 0.6% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.6% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.6% Tatma/Tatwa, 0.5% Terai Brahmin, 0.5% Kurmi, 0.5% Limbu, 0.5% Sonar, 0.4% Badhaee, 0.3% other Dalit, 0.3% Dhobi, 0.3% Dom, 0.3% Gangai, 0.3% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.3% Jhangad/Dhagar, 0.3% Khatwe, 0.3% Majhi, 0.3% Punjabi/Sikh, 0.2% Badi, 0.2% Baraee, 0.2% Damai/Dholi, 0.2% Dev, 0.2% Khawas, 0.2% Sarki, 0.2% Thakuri, 0.1% Amat, 0.1% Bantawa, 0.1% Bin, 0.1% Chamling, 0.1% Danuwar, 0.1% Dhimal, 0.1% foreigners, 0.1% Gaderi/Bhedihar, 0.1% Halkhor, 0.1% Kahar, 0.1% Kumal, 0.1% Kumhar, 0.1% Lohar, 0.1% Satar/Santal, 0.1% Sunuwar, 0.1% Yakkha and 0.2% others.[30]

In terms of religion, 88.9% were Hindu, 8.2% Muslim, 1.1% Buddhist, 0.7% Kirati, 0.4% Christian, 0.3% Jain, 0.1% Prakriti and 0.2% others.[31]

In terms of literacy, 79.0% could read and write, 1.5% could only read and 19.4% could neither read nor write.[32]

Religion in Biratnagar (2011)
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 89%
Islam
 
 8%
Others
 
 2%

[33]

languages in Biratnagar

  Maithili (39%)
  Nepali (38%)
  Urdu (5%)
  Rajasthani (2%)
  Others (16%)

[33]

Ethnic groups in Biratnagar

  Madheshi (31%)
  Khas (30%)
  Muslim (8%)
  Newar (5%)
  Kewat (4%)
  Marwari (2%)
  Others (20%)

[34]

Transport

[edit]
Biratnagar Airport Terminal
  • Air: Biratnagar Airport serves as a regional hub for the eastern part of the country. A subtotal of 10 flights per day are operated to Kathmandu which makes it the busiest domestic airport in the country after Pokhara. Frequent flights are also operated to Tumlingtar as well as other airports within the country.
Koshi Highway across Biratnagar
  • Road: Biratnagar is roughly 544 kilometres (340 mi) by road from Kathmandu. It is also well connected to all the parts of Province No. 1 including Dharan, Itahari and Dhankuta as well as to most parts of the country through regular bus service. The easternmost border-point of Kakarbhitta lies at a distance of 108 km (67 mi) from the city and can be reached via frequent buses running half-hourly from the buspark.
Rickshaw in Biratnagar
  • Trains: There are direct trains from the Indian cities of Katihar, Kolkata Patna Siliguri Raxaul and New Delhi to the border town of Jogbani. The rail line ends in Jogbani, Araria district on the Indian side. Biratnagar is 7 km (4 mi) north of Nepal's southern border with Bihar, India. The crossing has a customs checkpoint for goods called as Rani Bhansar.[35] Indian and Nepalese nationals cross the border freely. A monorail extension to Biratnagar has been proposed and surveyed. As of 1 August 2019, the provincial government of Province No. 1 plans to establish a monorail system[36] running 30 km (19 mi) from Rani, Biratnagar to Itahari at an estimated budget of Rs. 30 billion.
  • Intracity: Cycle, motor vehicles, rickshaws, and taxis serve the city center. Auto rickshaws (Tempos) are available for longer distances outside the center. City safari or electric rickshaws are the most used transportation here, connect all parts of Biratnagar, and are very cheap as well as environmentally friendly.

Economy

[edit]
Morang Vyapar Sangh Gate

Biratnagar is the economic center of eastern Nepal. The first industry in Nepal, the Biratnagar jute mills, was established here. Biratnagar is driven by a startup culture. The multi-million dollar business house, Golchha Organisation, has its roots in Biratnagar where it started as a small startup business. Biratnagar is connected to a major custom route with India and has the second-largest land port in Nepal.

Tourism

[edit]

Biratnagar is a hub for explorers of places in eastern Nepal like Ilam, Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha and Panchthar. A number of colorful haat bazaars (weekly markets) are held each week in different parts of the town, where farmers from the rural hinterland set up stalls to trade agricultural products, spices and handicrafts. There are several gardens, temples and places of religious importance in Biratnagar. Gopal garden, located near Hathkhola and Hridreyandra Bal Udhhyan near Thulo Mill are two main gardens. Temples have been the jewel of Biratnagar. They are decorated in vibrant ways to make them attractive.

Dharan is 46 km (30 mi) and Itahari is 24 km (10 mi) north of Biratnagar. These places are famous for Taltalaiya, Ocean Park, Gokulam Resort, Dantakali Temple, Pindeshwor Temple, Budha Subba Temple and Panch Kanya. The hill-station of Bhedetar is a local viewpoint. The tea gardens of Ilam are approximately 4 hours' drive away. Another place of interest is the hilly district of Dhankuta with its orange orchards. The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, popular with bird-watching enthusiasts, is a 90-minute drive from the city. It is home to the endangered wild buffaloes called "Arna" in Nepali. The largest rhododendron forests of Tinjure, Milke and Jaljale can be reached in about 3–4 hours. Treks with views of Mt. Makalu and Kanchenjunga can be started from the small towns of Basantapur or Tumlingtar.

Politics

[edit]
Governor (Badahakim) Shiva Pratap Shumsher Thapa, Rana-Era Governor of Morang
Further information: Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike

The district headquarters of Morang were moved to Biratnagar from Rangeli in 1914 by the then district governor, Colonel Jit Bahadur Khatri. The next governor, Shiva Pratap Shumsher Thapa, further developed the town.[37] Krishna Prasad Koirala was the first major political leader based in Biratnagar. His sons Matrika Prasad Koirala and Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala were the prime ministers of Nepal after the fall of the Rana rule. Since then Biratnagar has been a major contributor to Nepali politics, and is the most politically active city in the country. Girija Prasad Koirala, the younger brother of Matrika and BP Koirala, was elected prime minister on four occasions; from 1991 to 1994, 1998 to 1999, 2000 to 2001, and from 2006 to 2008. He also served as the acting Head of State from January 2007 to July 2008. Man Mohan Adhikari, the first communist prime minister of Nepal was also born in Biratnagar. Leaders like Bharat Mohan Adhikari, Shailaja Acharya, Sushil Koirala, Lal Babu Pandit, Amod Prasad Upadhyay and Mahesh Acharya all hail from this city. The 1973 plane hijack, which was to fund the political revolution, took place at the Biratnagar Airport. The hijack plan, masterminded by Girija Prasad Koirala, was executed by Durga Subedi, Nagendra Dhungel and Basant Bhattarai.[38]

Nepali Congress's Nagesh Koirala and CPN UML's Shilpa Nirala Karki are the current Mayor and Deputy Mayor of the metropolitan respectively.

Education

[edit]

Biratnagar is the center of education in eastern Nepal. Biratnagar is home to old constituent campus of Tribhuvan University, the Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus.

University

[edit]

Engineering

[edit]

Medicine

[edit]

Forestry

[edit]

Schools

[edit]

The medium of teaching is English in all the private schools, colleges and universities whereas Nepali is the medium of instruction in government schools up to secondary level. There are more than 80 schools, over 20 colleges and 21 hospitals in Biratnagar, the most after Kathmandu.

Art and literature

[edit]

Biratnagar has been the ground for many prominent literary personalities like, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Tarini Prasad Koirala, Dev Kumari Thapa, Bal Krishna Pokharel, Parashu Pradhan, Krishna Bhooshan Bal, Dadhiraj Subedi, Bibas Pokharel, Suman Pokhrel, Bhola Rijal, Bhuwan Dhungana and others. Some of the prominent books in Nepali literature have emerged from Biratnagar. Landmark books in Nepali poetry, Bholi Basne Bihan by Krishna Bhooshan Bal and Jeevanko Chheubaata by Suman Pokhrel were first published in this city. There is a popular culture of poetry recitation in regular sessions in various locations of Biratnagar.[39]

Biratnagar is the birthplace of the theater group, Aarohan Gurukul. The theater group was founded and registered with District Administration Office, Morang here in Biratnagar in 1982. The group has expanded its activities to Kathmandu and aboard.[40] This theatre group has produced dozens of theatrical plays including Agniko Katha and Yajnaseni and has got them performed across the countries. At present day, Aarohan Gurukul is considered as one of the major places of public attraction in Biratnagar.[41][42][43]

Sports

[edit]
Sahid Rangsala

Cricket and association football are the most popular sports in Biratnagar. Biratnagar City F.C. is one of the heart beats of the footballing culture of the city. Sahid Rangsala with a capacity of 15,000+ spectators is the largest football stadium in the city. Sahid Maidan is the home stadium of Morang Football Club. The Mahendra Gold Cup, now Birat Gold Cup, is held in the stadium along with district divisional league matches. There is a covered hall nearby Sahid Maidan where indoor events can be organized. A cricket stadium is being constructed in Baijanathpur on the outskirts of Biratnagar with the objective of organizing local and national-level cricket tournaments. Other facilities in the city include lawn tennis and basketball courts

Notable residents

[edit]

Medical professionals

Actors, actresses and comedians

[edit]

Nabin Kumar Shrestha (actor)

Politics

[edit]

Sports men

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ ""Biratnagar is the most industry-friendly chut city in Nepal" | New Business Age - monthly business magazine in English published from Nepal". www.newbusinessage.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-26. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  2. ^ "Biratnagar, so special to Nepal's industrial history". Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved 2018-04-21.
  3. ^ "Flights To Biratnagar - Book Tickets Online To Biratnagar | Buddha Air". www.buddhaair.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-16. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  4. ^ name="brt">"विराटनगर महानगरपालिका गृहपृष्ठ". विराटनगर महानगरपालिका. Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  5. ^ "विराटनगर महानगरपालिका गृहपृष्ठ". विराटनगर महानगरपालिका.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b c "Preliminary Report of Census 2021" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  7. ^ "Biratnagar celebrates its status of provincial capital". thehimalayantimes.com. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  8. ^ "Locals intensify protest in Dhankuta after Biratnagar named as provincial HQ". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  9. ^ "Nepal government announces Provincial Capitals and Chiefs". ddinews.gov.in. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  10. ^ "National Population Census 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
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  12. ^ "Capital of Province 1 to be scattered in various districts". Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  13. ^ "National Census 2021". censusnepal.cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Taskforce recommends adding 23 local units, elevating Birgunj and Biratnagar as metros". Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  15. ^ "Biratnagar excited to celebrate metropolitan promotion". Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  16. ^ "Things to Do & Places To Visit Near Biratnagar Nepal". 2018-08-11. Archived from the original on 2019-02-17. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  17. ^ Tripoto. "Weekend Getaways from Biratnagar: Places to Visit Near Biratnagar,it Getaways from Biratnagar". Tripoto. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  18. ^ Subedi, Binod. "Biratnagar town connected with Indian railway network". My Republica. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  19. ^ "1st cargo train arrives near Biratnagar". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2019-06-15.
  20. ^ "Biratnagar ICP to be operational from next week". GorakhaPatra. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  21. ^ "PM Oli, Modi to inaugurate Biratnagar ICP via video conferencing". Khabarhub English News. 2020-01-18. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
  22. ^ "Election Commission Nepal". election.gov.np. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
  23. ^ a b Dambar Krishna Shrestha & Kamal Rimal. "१०० वर्षको विराटनगर, मणि खोज्दै (Biratnagar Turns 100, Seeking Glory)". Himal Khabar. Himal Media. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  24. ^ Land and social change in east Nepal By Lionel Caplan, 2000.
  25. ^ History and Culture of the Kirat People: Part I-II.
  26. ^ Dutt, M.N. (1896). Markandeya Puranam. Elysium Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ "EXTREME TEMPERATURES OF MONTH NOVEMBER" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  28. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  29. ^ NepalMap Language
  30. ^ NepalMap Caste
  31. ^ NepalMap Religion
  32. ^ NepalMap Literacy
  33. ^ a b "NepalMap profile: Biratnagar Metropolitan". NepalMap. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  34. ^ "NepalMap profile: Biratnagar Metropolitan". NepalMap. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  35. ^ "Biratnagar Custom Biratnagar, 'Department of Customs Biratnagar Customs Office'". customs.gov.np. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  36. ^ "The Rising Nepal: '70 per cent of estimate cost for the monorail project in Biratnagar secured'". therisingnepal.org.np. Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
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  38. ^ "Documentary on Nepal plane hijacking screened". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  39. ^ Dadhiraj Subedi, "नेपाली साहित्यका मुस्कानहरू (The Smiles of Nepali Literature)"- 2012, Purwanchal Sahitya Academy, Biratnagar - ISBN 978 9937248266
  40. ^ "Aarohan: A parameter between life and death - a struggle". ECS NEPAL. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  41. ^ Sushil Poudel, Kolkota (13 January 2017). "द्रौपदीका आँखाबाट महाभारत" [The Mahabharata in Draupadi's Perspective]. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 2017-09-24. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  42. ^ "Aarohan Theatre Group, Kathmandu". By Nepal.com. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  43. ^ "आरोहण गुरुकुल विराटनगरमा एक चिहान". Archived from the original on 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
[edit]
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