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Emperor Kōgen

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Emperor Kōgen
孝元天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign214 BC – 158 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōrei
SuccessorKaika
Born273 BC[2]
Died158 BC (aged 115)
Burial
Tsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi (劔池嶋上陵) (Kashihara)
SpouseUtsushikome-no-Mikoto [ja]
Issue
among others...		Emperor Kaika
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Kōgen (孝元天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Ō-yamato-nekohikokuni-kuru no Sumeramikoto (大日本根子彦国牽天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōrei
MotherKuwashi-hime
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kōgen (孝元天皇, Kōgen-tennō), also known as Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru no Mikoto (大倭根子日子国玖琉命) was the eighth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[3][4] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōgen is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōgen's reign allegedly began in 214 BC, he had one wife and two consorts whom he fathered six children with. After his death in 158 BC, one of his sons supposedly became Emperor Kaika.[5]

Legendary narrative

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In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only Kōgen's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi or tomb for Kōgen is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kōgen was born sometime in 273 BC, and is recorded as being the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei.[2] His empress mother was named "Kuwashi-hime", who was the daughter of Shiki no Agatanushi Oome.[citation needed] Before he was enthroned sometime in 214 BC, his pre-ascension name was Prince Ō-yamato-neko-hiko-kuni-kuru no Mikoto.[6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Sakaihara-no-miya (軽之堺原宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[4] Emperor Kōgen had a chief wife (empress) named Utsushikome, along with two consorts. His first son was named Prince Ōhiko, and according to the Nihon Shoki was the direct ancestor of the Abe clan.[7] One of Kōgen's other sons, Prince Hikofutsuoshinomakoto, was also the grandfather of the legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune.[8] Emperor Kōgen reigned until his death in 158 BC; his second son was then enthroned as the next emperor.[6]

Known information

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The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[9] Kōgen is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the seventh of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Kōgen-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[11] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōgen, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[10] While the actual site of Kōgen's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Kashihara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōgen's mausoleum, and its formal name is Tsurugi no ike no shima no e no misasagi.[3][5]

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[12] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[15] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[10]

Consorts and children

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  • Empress: Utsushikome [ja] (欝色謎命, d.157 BC), Oyakuchisukune's daughter
    • Prince Ōhiko [ja] (大彦命), ancestor of all the Abe clan's descendants.[7][d]
    • Prince Sukunaokokoro (少彦男心命)
    • Prince Wakayamatonekohikooobi (稚日本根子彦大日日尊), later Emperor Kaika.[4]
    • Princess Yamatototo-hime (倭迹迹姫命)
  • Consort: Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Ōhesoki's daughter
  • Consort: Haniyasu-hime (埴安媛), Kawachi-no-Aotamakake's daughter
    • Prince Takehaniyasuhiko ((武埴安彦命, d.88 BC)

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[16] Ōkuninushi[17][18]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[19]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[20]
Kotoshironushi[21][22] Tamakushi-hime[20] Takeminakata[23][24] Susa Clan[25]
1 Jimmu[26]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[26]Kamo no Okimi[21][27]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[28][29][30][31][32][33] 2Isuzuyori-hime[31][32][33][27][34]Kamuyaimimi[28][29][30]
3 Annei[35][21][31][32][33]〔Ō clan[36][37]〕〔Aso clan[38]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[39][21]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[35][21]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][35]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][35]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[35][21][40]5Yosotarashi-hime[21]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[21]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][40]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][21][40]〔Wani clan〕[41]
7 Emperor Kōrei[42][21][40][43] 7Kuwashi-hime[43]
8 Emperor Kōgen[44][43]8Utsushikome [ja][44]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[42]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[45]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[e] [47][48]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][48]9 Emperor Kaika[44]Prince Ohiko [ja][49]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][48]10 Emperor Sujin[50][51]10Mimaki-hime[52]〔Abe clan〕[49]
Takenouchi no Sukune[48]11 Emperor Suinin[53][54]11Saho-hime[55]12Hibasu-hime [ja][56]Yasaka Iribiko[57][58][59]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][60]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][42]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[61]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[54][56]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][57][58][59]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][62]Yamato Takeru[63][64]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[63][64]
14Emperor Chūai[63][64] [65]15Empress Jingū[66] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[66]16Nakatsuhime[67][68][69]
16Emperor Nintoku[70]


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[10]
  2. ^ The 29th Emperor[13][14]
  3. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^ The first "Abe" was known as Abe no Omi (阿倍臣).
  5. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[46]

References

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Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b "孝元天皇 (8)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 22, 248 & 252. ISBN 9780520034600.
  5. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 24, 30 & 418.
  6. ^ a b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 542. ISBN 9780674017535.
  7. ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  8. ^ a b Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  9. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 147–148. ISBN 9780524053478.
  11. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  12. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  13. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
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  15. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  16. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  17. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
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  20. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
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  27. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
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  30. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
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  32. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  33. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  34. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  35. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  36. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  37. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  38. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  39. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  40. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  41. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  42. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
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  44. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  45. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  46. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
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  54. ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
214 BC – 158 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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