Central Kilimanjaro language
| Central Kilimanjaro | |
|---|---|
| Central Chaga | |
| Native to | Tanzania |
| Region | Kilimanjaro |
| Ethnicity | Chaga |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:vun – Wunjoold – Mochi |
| Glottolog | vunj1238 Vunjomoch1256 Mochi |
E.622 (ex-E.62a,62b)[1] | |
Central Kilimanjaro, or Central Chaga, is a Bantu language of Tanzania spoken by the Chaga people.
There are several dialects:[1]
- Moshi (Old Moshi, Mochi, Kimochi)
- Uru
- Mbokomu
- Wuunjo (Wunjo, Vunjo, Kivunjo), including Kiruwa, Kilema, Mamba, Moramu (Marangu), Mwika
Moshi is the language of the Chaga cultural capital, Moshi, and the prestige dialect of the Chaga languages.
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Low | a aː |
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | |||||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | pf | ts | tʃ | |||
| prenasal | ᵐbv | ⁿdz | ᶮdʒ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| voiced | (β) | ||||||
| Rhotic | trill | r | |||||
| tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | ɻ | j | ||||
- Sounds /k, ᵑɡ, l/ become palatalized as [kʲ, ᵑɡʲ, lʲ] when occurring before front vowels /i, e/.
- /w/ is heard as a fricative [β] when before front vowels /i, e/.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | pf | ts | tʃ | ||
| prenasal | ᵐbv | ⁿdz | ᶮdʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |
| voiced | (β) | ɣ | ||||
| Rhotic | trill | r | ||||
| tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||
| Approximant | w | ɹ | j | |||
- Sounds /k, ᵑɡ, ɣ, l/ become palatalized as [kʲ, ᵑɡʲ, ɣʲ, lʲ] when occurring before front vowels /i, e/.
- /l/ when palatalized as [lʲ] can also have a palatal lateral allophone [ʎ] in the Vunjo dialect.
- /w/ is heard as a fricative [β] when before front vowels /i, e/.[4][3]
Bibliography
[edit]- Dalgish, Gerard M. (1978) 'The syntax and semantics of the morpheme ni in kiVunjo (Chaga)', Kiswahili, 48, 1, 42–56.
- Philippson, Gérard (1984) '"Gens des bananeraies" (Tanzanie): contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimanjaro' (Cahier no. 16.) Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard (1977). Tone in Old Moshi (Chaga). Studies in African linguistics 8: University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 49–80.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b Philippson, Gérard; Montlahuc, Marie-Laure (2003). Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). In Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 475–500.
- ^ a b McHugh, Brian David (1990). Cyclicity in the phrasal phonology of KiVunjo Chaga. University of California at Los Angeles.
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