Jump to content

Guinness

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Guiness)
This article is about the beer. For other uses, see Guinness (disambiguation).

Guinness
TypeStout (beer)
ManufacturerDiageo
Country of origin Ireland
Alcohol by volume 4.2%
ColourBlack (officially described as very dark ruby-red)[1]
FlavourDry
VariantsGuinness 0.0
Guinness Cold Brew Coffee Beer
Guinness Original
Guinness West Indies Porter
Websiteguinness.com

Guinness (/ˈɡɪnɪs/) is a stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland, in the 18th century. It is now owned by the British-based multinational alcoholic beverage maker Diageo. It is one of the most successful alcohol brands worldwide, brewed in almost 50 countries, and available in over 120.[2][3] Sales in 2011 amounted to 850,000,000 litres (190,000,000 imp gal; 220,000,000 U.S. gal).[2] In spite of declining consumption since 2001,[4] it is the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland[5] where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost €2 billion worth of beer annually.

The Guinness Storehouse is a tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over 20 million visitors.

Guinness's flavour derives from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley; the unmalted barley is a relatively modern addition that became part of the grist in the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic acid flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic "tang", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer's thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide.[6]

The company moved its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish trade war in 1932. In 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic-drinks producer Diageo plc, based in London.

History

[edit]
See also: Guinness family
Sign at the Market Street entrance of the St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland
Crane Street gate
Guinness Brewery in Dublin, Ireland

Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin. On 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum for the unused brewery.[7][8][9] Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale: he shipped six-and-a-half barrels to Great Britain.[citation needed]

Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778.[10] The first Guinness beers to use the term "stout" were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s.[11] Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced only three variations of a single beer type: porter or single stout, double or extra and foreign stout for export.[12] "Stout" originally referred to a beer's strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body and colour.[13] Porter was also referred to as "plain", as mentioned in the famous refrain of Flann O'Brien's poem "The Workman's Friend": "A pint of plain is your only man."[14]

Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinness's sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876.[12] In October 1886, Guinness became a public company and was averaging sales of 1.138 million barrels a year. This was despite the brewery's refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount.[12] Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were 20 times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading.[12]

The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym "Student" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's t-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's t-test.[citation needed]

By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees.[12] By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery £40,000 a year, which was one-fifth of the total wages bill.[12] The improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2.652 million barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, and was supplying more than 10 per cent of the total UK beer market.[12]

When World War I broke out in 1914, employees at Guinness St. James Brewery were encouraged to join the British forces. Over 800 employees served in the war. This was made possible due to a number of measures put in place by Guinness: soldiers' families were paid half wages, and jobs were guaranteed upon their return. Of the 800 employees who fought, 103 did not return.[15][16]

During World War II, the demand for Guinness among the British was one of the main reasons why the UK lifted commerce restrictions imposed in 1941 to force Ireland into supporting the Allied Powers.[17]

Before 1939, if a Guinness brewer wished to marry a Catholic, his resignation was requested.[18] According to Thomas Molloy, writing in the Irish Independent, "It had no qualms about selling drink to Catholics but it did everything it could to avoid employing them until the 1960s."[19]

Guinness thought they brewed their last porter in 1973.[13] In the 1970s, following declining sales, the decision was taken to make Guinness Extra Stout more "drinkable". The gravity was subsequently reduced, and the brand was relaunched in 1981.[20] Pale malt was used for the first time, and isomerised hop extract began to be used.[20] In 2014, two new porters were introduced: West Indies Porter and Dublin Porter.[21]

Guinness acquired The Distillers Company in 1986.[22] This led to a scandal and criminal trial concerning the artificial inflation of the Guinness share price during the takeover bid engineered by the chairman, Ernest Saunders.[23] A subsequent £5.2 million success fee paid to an American lawyer and Guinness director, Tom Ward, was the subject of the case Guinness plc v Saunders, in which the House of Lords declared that the payment had been invalid.[24]

In the 1980s, as the IRA's bombing campaign spread to London and the rest of Britain, Guinness considered scrapping the harp as its logo.[19]

The company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo.[25] Due to controversy over the merger,[citation needed] the company was maintained as a separate entity within Diageo and has retained the rights to the product and all associated trademarks of Guinness.[citation needed]

The Guinness Brewery Park Royal during demolition, at its peak the largest and most productive brewery in the world

The Guinness brewery in Park Royal, London, closed in 2005. The production of all Guinness sold in the UK and Ireland was moved to St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin.[26]

House flag of the Guinness shipping fleet, which ceased operating in 1993[27]

Guinness had a fleet of ships, barges and yachts.[28] The Irish Sunday Independent newspaper reported on 17 June 2007 that Diageo intended to close the historic St. James's Gate plant in Dublin and move to a greenfield site on the outskirts of the city.[29] This news caused some controversy when it was announced.[citation needed]

Initially, Diageo dismissed talk of a move as a rumor, but as speculation mounted in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed it was undertaking a "significant review of its operations". This review was part of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St. James's Gate plant.[30]

On 23 November 2007, an article appeared in the Evening Herald, a Dublin newspaper, stating that the Dublin City Council, in the best interests of the city of Dublin, had put forward a motion to prevent planning permission ever being granted for the development of the site, thus making it very difficult for Diageo to sell off the site for residential development.[citation needed]

On 9 May 2008, Diageo announced that the St. James's Gate brewery will remain open and undergo renovations, but that breweries in Kilkenny and Dundalk will be closed by 2013 when a new larger brewery is opened near Dublin. The result will be a loss of roughly 250 jobs across the entire Diageo and Guinness workforce in Ireland.[31] Two days later, the Sunday Independent again reported that Diageo chiefs had met with Tánaiste Mary Coughlan, the deputy leader of the Government of Ireland, about moving operations to Ireland from the UK to benefit from its lower corporation tax rates. Several UK firms have made the move in order to pay Ireland's 12.5 per cent rate rather than the UK's 28 per cent rate.[32] Diageo released a statement to the London Stock Exchange (LSE) denying the report.[33] Despite the merger that created Diageo plc in 1997, Guinness has retained its right to the Guinness brand and associated trademarks and thus continues to trade under the traditional Guinness name despite trading under the corporate name Diageo for a brief period in 1997.[clarification needed][citation needed]

In 2017, Diageo made their beer suitable for consumption by vegetarians and vegans by introducing a new filtration process that avoided the use of isinglass from fish bladders to filter out yeast particles.[34][35][36]

Composition

[edit]

Guinness stout is made from water, barley, roast malt extract, hops, and brewer's yeast.[37] A portion of the barley is roasted to give Guinness its dark colour and characteristic taste.[37] It is pasteurised and filtered.[38]

Until the late 1950s, Guinness was still racked into wooden casks. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Guinness ceased brewing cask-conditioned beers and developed a keg brewing system with aluminium kegs replacing the wooden casks; these were nicknamed "iron lungs".[39] Until 2016 the production of Guinness, as with many beers, involved the use of isinglass made from fish. Isinglass was used as a fining agent for settling out suspended matter in the vat. The isinglass was retained in the floor of the vat but it was possible that minute quantities might be carried over into the beer.[40][41][42][43] Diageo announced in February 2018 that the use of isinglass in draught Guinness was to be discontinued and an alternative clarification agent would be used instead, making the drink acceptable to vegans and vegetarians.[citation needed]

Present day Guinness

[edit]
A pint of Guinness

Arguably its biggest change to date, in 1959 Guinness began using nitrogen, which changed the fundamental texture and flavour of the Guinness of the past as nitrogen bubbles are much smaller than CO2,[44] giving a "creamier" and "smoother" consistency over a sharper and traditional CO2 taste.[45] This step was taken after Michael Ash—a mathematician turned brewer—discovered the mechanism to make this possible.[46]

Nitrogen is less soluble than carbon dioxide, which allows the beer to be put under high pressure without making it fizzy.[45] High pressure of the dissolved gas is required to enable very small bubbles to be formed by forcing the draught beer through fine holes in a plate in the tap, which causes the characteristic "surge" (the widget in cans and bottles achieves the same effect).[45] This "widget" is a small plastic ball containing the nitrogen.[45] The perceived smoothness of draught Guinness is due to its low level of carbon dioxide and the creaminess of the head caused by the very fine bubbles that arise from the use of nitrogen and the dispensing method described above.[45] Foreign Extra Stout contains more carbon dioxide,[6] causing a more acidic taste.[citation needed]

Although Guinness is black, and is referred to as "the black stuff" in Diageo marketing,[47][48] it is also "officially" referred to as a very dark shade of ruby.[49][37]

The most recent change in alcohol content from the Import Stout to the Extra Stout was due to a change in distribution through North American market. Consumer complaints influenced subsequent distribution and bottle changes.[50]

Health

[edit]
A Guinness advertisement states "Guinness is good for you".

Guinness ran an advertising campaign in the 1920s which stemmed from market research – when people told the company that they felt good after their pint, the slogan, created by Dorothy L. Sayers[51][52]–"Guinness is Good for You". Advertising for alcoholic drinks that implies improved physical performance or enhanced personal qualities is now prohibited in Ireland.[53]

A 2003 study found that stouts such as Guinness could have a benefit of helping to reduce the deposit of harmful cholesterol on artery walls. This was attributed to the higher levels of antioxidants in stouts than in lagers, though the health benefits of antioxidants have been called into question, and Diageo, the company that now manufactures Guinness, said: "We never make any medical claims for our drinks."[54][55]

Varieties

[edit]
Guinness Extra Stout and Guinness Draught
Guinness Original/Extra Stout Can

Guinness stout is available in a number of variants and strengths, which include:

  • Guinness Draught, the standard draught beer sold in kegs (but exist also a texture-like version in widget cans and bottles): 4.1 to 4.3% alcohol by volume (ABV); the Extra Cold is served through a super cooler at 3.5 °C (38.3 °F).[56]
  • Guinness Foreign Extra Stout: 7.5% ABV version sold in Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Asia, and the United States. The basis is an unfermented but hopped Guinness wort extract shipped from Dublin, which is added to local ingredients and fermented locally. The strength can vary, for example, it is sold at 5% ABV in China, 6.5% ABV in Jamaica and East Africa, 6.8% in Malaysia, 7.5% in the United States, and 8% ABV in Singapore.[57][58] In Nigeria a proportion of sorghum is used. Foreign Extra Stout is blended with a small amount of intentionally soured beer. Formerly, it was blended with beer that soured naturally as a result of fermenting in ancient oak tuns with a Brettanomyces population; it is now made with pasteurised beer that has been soured bacterially.[59] It was previously known as West Indies Porter, then Extra Stout and finally Foreign Extra Stout.[18] It was first made available in the UK in 1990.[18]
  • Guinness Special Export Stout, Commissioned by John Martin of Belgium in 1912.[60] The first variety of Guinness to be pasteurised, in 1930.[61] 8% ABV.
  • Guinness Bitter, an English-style bitter beer: 4.4% ABV.
  • Guinness Extra Smooth, a smoother stout sold in Ghana, Cameroon and Nigeria: 5.5% ABV.
  • Malta Guinness, a non-alcoholic sweet drink, produced in Nigeria and exported to the UK, East Africa, and Malaysia.
  • Guinness Zero ABV, a non-alcoholic beverage sold in Indonesia.[62]
  • Guinness Mid-Strength, a low-alcohol stout test-marketed in Limerick, Ireland in March 2006[63] and Dublin from May 2007:[64] 2.8% ABV.
  • Guinness Red, brewed in exactly the same way as Guinness except that the barley is only lightly roasted so that it produces a lighter, slightly fruitier red ale; test-marketed in Britain in February 2007: 4% ABV.[65]
  • 250 Anniversary Stout, released in the U.S., Australia and Singapore on 24 April 2009;[66] 5% ABV.
  • Guinness West Indies, a Porter which imitates the 1801 variety with notes of toffee and chocolate: 6% ABV.

In October 2005, Guinness announced the Brewhouse Series, a limited-edition collection of draught stouts available for roughly six months each. There were three beers in the series.

  • Brew 39 was sold in Dublin from late 2005 until early 2006. It had the same alcohol content (ABV) as Guinness Draught, used the same gas mix and settled in the same way, but had a slightly different taste. Many found it to be lighter in taste, somewhat closer to Beamish stout than standard Irish Guinness.[67] The Beamish & Crawford Brewery was established in 1792 in the City of Cork, and was bought by Guinness in 1833.[68]
  • Toucan Brew was introduced in May 2006. It was named after the cartoon toucan used in many Guinness advertisements. This beer had a crisper taste with a slightly sweet aftertaste due to its triple-hopped brewing process.
  • North Star was introduced in October 2006 and sold into late 2007. Three million pints of North Star were sold in the latter half of 2007.[69]

Despite an announcement in June 2007 that the fourth Brewhouse stout would be launched in October that year,[70] no new beer appeared and, at the end of 2007, the Brewhouse series appeared to have been quietly cancelled.

From early 2006, Guinness marketed a "surger" unit in Britain.[71] This surger device, marketed for use with cans consumed at home, was "said to activate the gases in the canned beer" by sending an "ultra-sonic pulse through the pint glass" sitting upon the device.[72]

Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Milk Stout, Guinness Irish Wheat,[73] Guinness Gold, Guinness Pilsner, Guinness Breó (a slightly citrusy wheat beer), Guinness Shandy, and Guinness Special Light.[74]

Breó (meaning 'glow' in Irish)[75] was a wheat beer; it cost around IR£5 million to develop.[76]

A brewing byproduct of Guinness, Guinness Yeast Extract (GYE), was produced until the 1950s. In the UK, a HP Guinness Sauce was manufactured by Heinz and available as of 2013.[77] Kraft also licenses the name for its barbecue sauce product, Bull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce.[citation needed]

In March 2010, Guinness began test marketing Guinness Black Lager, a new black lager, in Northern Ireland and Malaysia.[78] As of September 2010, Guinness Black Lager is no longer readily available in Malaysia. In October 2010, Guinness began selling Foreign Extra Stout in 4 packs of bottles in the United States.[79]

Guinness Blonde American Lager

In 2014, Guinness released Guinness Blonde, a lager brewed in Latrobe, Pennsylvania using a combination of Guinness yeast and American ingredients.[80] When Guinness opened their new brewery in Baltimore, Maryland in August 2018 they recreated "Blonde" to "Baltimore Blonde" by adjusting the grain mixture and adding Citra for a citrus flavour and removed the Mosaic hops.[81]

Guinness released a lager in 2015 called Hop House 13.[82][83] It was withdrawn from sale in the UK in May 2021, following poor sales, but remains on sale in Ireland.[84]

In 2020, Guinness announced the introduction of a zero alcohol canned stout, Guinness 0.0.[85] It was withdrawn from sale almost immediately after launch, due to contamination.[86] It was relaunched in 2021 starting with pubs in mid July with cans following in late August.[87]

In September 2021, Guinness Nitrosurge was released in pint sized cans which contain no widget. Similar to the Surger, nitrogen is activated using ultrasonic frequencies. Nitrosurge uses a special device attached to the top of the can which activates the nitrogen as it is being poured.[88]

Pouring and serving

[edit]

Before the 1960s, when Guinness adopted a system of delivery using a nitrogen and carbon dioxide gas mixture, all beer leaving the brewery was cask-conditioned. Casks newly delivered to many small pubs were often nearly unmanageably frothy, but cellar space and rapid turnover demanded that they be put into use before they could sit for long enough to settle down. As a result, a glass would be part filled with the fresh, frothy beer, allowed to stand a minute, and then topped up with beer from a cask that had been pouring longer and had calmed down a bit.[89] With the move to nitrogen gas dispensing in the 1960s, it was felt important to keep the two-stage pour ritual in order to bring better consumer acceptance of the change. As Guinness has not been cask-conditioned for decades, the two-stage pour has been labelled a marketing ploy that does not actually affect the beer's taste.[90]

An example of the Guinness pint glass released in 2010
Guinness pour and serve

The manufacturer recommends a "double pour" serve, which according to Diageo should take two minutes.[91][92] Guinness has promoted this wait with advertising campaigns such as "good things come to those who wait".[93]

The brewer recommends that draught Guinness should be served at 6-7 °C (42.8 °F),[94] while Extra Cold Guinness should be served at 3.5 °C (38.6 °F).[95] Before the 21st century, it was popular to serve Guinness at cellar temperature (about 13 °C) and some drinkers preferred it at room temperature (about 20 °C).[96]

According to Esquire magazine, a pint of Guinness should be served in a slightly tulip-shaped pint glass,[97] rather than the taller European tulip or 'Nonic' glass, which contains a ridge approx 3/4 of the way up the glass. To begin the pour, the server holds the glass at a 45° angle below the tap and fills the glass 3/4 full.[97] On the way out of the tap, the beer is forced at high speed through a five-hole disc restrictor plate at the end of the tap,[97] creating friction and forcing the creation of small nitrogen bubbles[97] which form a creamy head. The server brings the glass from 45° angle to a vertical position.[98] After allowing the initial pour to settle, the server pushes the tap handle back and fills the remainder of the glass until the head forms a slight dome over the top of the glass (or "just proud of the rim").[97][99][98]

In 2010, Guinness redesigned their pint glass for the first time in a decade. The new glass was taller and narrower than the previous one and featured a bevel design. The new glasses were planned to gradually replace the old ones.[100] Guinness recommends that, to avoid the bitter taste of the nitrogen foam head, gulps should be taken from the glass rather than sipping the drink.[101][102]

A practice known as "splitting the G" has been an entry on the Urban Dictionary website since 2018.[103] This drinking game sees the drinker attempt to bring the liquid level of the Guinness to sit at a certain level in relation to the glass' Guinness branding. Variants of the practice see the required liquid level as either: between the letter 'G', on the horizontal line of the 'G', or between the 'G' and the harp logo.[104][105]

Sinking bubbles

[edit]

When Guinness is poured, the gas bubbles appear to travel downwards in the glass.[106] The effect is attributed to drag; bubbles that touch the walls of a glass are slowed in their travel upwards. Bubbles in the centre of the glass are, however, free to rise to the surface, and thus form a rising column of bubbles. The rising bubbles create a current by the entrainment of the surrounding fluid. As beer rises in the centre, the beer near the outside of the glass falls. This downward flow pushes the bubbles near the glass towards the bottom. Although the effect occurs in any liquid, it is particularly noticeable in any dark nitrogen stout, as the drink combines dark-coloured liquid and light-coloured bubbles.[107][108]

A study published in 2012 revealed that the effect is due to the particular shape of the glass coupled with the small bubble size found in stout beers.[109][110] If the vessel widens with height, then bubbles will sink along the walls – this is the case for the standard pint glass. Conversely, in an anti-pint (i.e. if the vessel narrows with height) bubbles will rise along the walls.[111]

Advertising

[edit]

The Guinness harp motif is modelled on the Trinity College harp. It was adopted in 1862 by the incumbent proprietor, Benjamin Lee Guinness. Harps have been a symbol of Ireland at least since the reign of Henry VIII. Guinness registered their harp as a trademark shortly after the passing of the Trade Marks Registration Act of 1875. It faces right instead of left, and so can be distinguished from the Irish coat of arms.[112]

Since the 1930s, in the face of falling sales, Guinness has had a long history of marketing campaigns, from television advertisements to beer mats and posters. Before then, Guinness had almost no advertising, instead allowing word of mouth to sell the product.[113]

Guinness slogan from the 1920s to the 1960s[114]
Guinness slogan in 1942, Piccadilly Circus, London

The most notable and recognisable series of advertisements was created by S. H. Benson's advertising, primarily drawn by the artist John Gilroy, in the 1930s and 1940s.[113] Benson created posters that included phrases such as "Guinness for Strength", "Lovely Day for a Guinness", "Guinness Makes You Strong", "My Goodness My Guinness" (or, alternatively, "My Goodness, My Christmas, It's Guinness!"), and most famously, "Guinness Is Good for You".[113] The posters featured Gilroy's distinctive artwork and more often than not featured animals such as a kangaroo, ostrich, seal, lion and notably a toucan, which has become as much a symbol of Guinness as the harp.[113] (An advertisement from the 1940s ran with the following jingle: "Toucans in their nests agree/Guinness is good for you/Try some today and see/What one or toucan do.") Dorothy L. Sayers and R. A. Bevan copywriters at Benson's also worked on the campaign; a biography of Sayers notes that she created a sketch of the toucan and wrote several of the adverts in question. Guinness advertising paraphernalia, notably the pastiche booklets illustrated by Ronald Ferns, attract high prices on the collectable market.[115][page needed]

Advertisement in Sierra Leone, 1968 after the company established a brewery in West Africa

Many of the best known Guinness television advertisements of the 1970s and 1980s were created by British director, Len Fulford.[116] In 1983, a conscious marketing decision was made to turn Guinness into a "cult" beer in the UK, amidst declining sales.[117] The move halted the sales decline. The Guardian described the management of the brand:

"they've spent years now building a brand that's in complete opposition to cheap lagers, session drinking and crowds of young men boozing in bars. They've worked very hard to help Guinness drinkers picture themselves as twinkly-eyed, Byronic bar-room intellectuals, sitting quietly with a pint and dreaming of poetry and impossibly lovely redheads running barefoot across the peat. You have a pint or two of Guinness with a slim volume of Yeats, not eight mates and a 19-pint bender which ends in tattoos, A&E [the ED] and herpes from a hen party."[118]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in the UK, there was a series of "darkly" humorous adverts, featuring actor Rutger Hauer, with the theme "Pure Genius", extolling its qualities in brewing and target market.[119]

The 1994–1995 Anticipation campaign, featuring actor Joe McKinney dancing to "Guaglione" by Pérez Prado while his pint settled, led to the song being re-released and becoming a number one hit in Ireland and reaching number two in the UK.[120]

From 1999 to 2006, the Michael Power advertising character was the cornerstone of a major marketing campaign to promote Guinness products in Africa. The character, played by Cleveland Mitchell, was portrayed to have been born in Jamaica and raised in Great Britain.[121] By 2003, it became one of the best-known alcohol advertising campaigns in Africa. Jo Foster of the BBC referred to Power as "Africa's very own 'James Bond'".[122]

Advertisement in Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland

In 2000, Guinness's 1999 advertisement Surfer was named the best television commercial of all time, in a UK poll conducted by The Sunday Times and Channel 4. This advertisement is inspired by the famous 1980s Guinness TV and cinema ad, Big Wave, centred on a surfer riding a wave while a bikini-clad sunbather takes photographs. The 1980s advertisement not only remained a popular iconic image in its own right; it also entered the Irish cultural memory through inspiring a well-known line in Christy Moore's song "Delirium Tremens" (1985). Surfer was produced by the advertising agency Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO; the advertisement can be downloaded from their website.[123]

Guinness won the 2001 Clio Award as the Advertiser of the Year, citing the work of five separate ad agencies around the world.[124]

In 2002, Guinness applied the Michael Power formula to Asia with the character Adam King.[125] The campaign featured such tag lines as: "Everyday someone, somewhere achieves something new. Sometimes on a grand, dramatic scale. Sometimes on a more personal scale." As of 2004, Guinness ranked among the top three beer labels in Singapore and Malaysia, with a 20 per cent market share across Southeast Asia. Malaysia was the brand's third-largest market in the region and the sixth largest market worldwide.[126]

In 2003, the Guinness TV campaign featuring Tom Crean won the gold Shark Award at the International Advertising Festival of Ireland,[127] while in 2005 their Irish Christmas campaign won a silver Shark.[128] This TV ad has been run every Christmas since its debut in December 2004 and features pictures of snow falling in places around Ireland finishing at St. James's Gate Brewery with the line: "Even at the home of the black stuff they dream of a white one".[129][130]

The UK commercial "noitulovE", first broadcast in October 2005, was one of the most-awarded commercials worldwide in 2006.[131] In 2006, Diageo, owner of the Guinness brand, replaced the Michael Power campaign with the "Guinness Greatness" campaign, which they claim emphasises the "drop of greatness" in everyone, in contrast to the high-tension heroics of the Power character.[125]

Guinness's 2007 advertisement, directed by Nicolai Fuglsig and filmed in Argentina, is entitled "Tipping Point". It involves a large-scale domino chain reaction and, with a budget of £10 million, was the most expensive advertisement by the company at that point.[132]

The 2000s also saw a series of television advertisements, entitled Brilliant! in which two crudely animated Guinness brewmasters would discuss the beer, particularly the ability to drink it straight from the bottle. The two would almost always react to their discoveries with the catchphrase "Brilliant!", hence the campaign's title.[citation needed]

In 2009, the To Arthur advertisement, which started with two friends realising the company's long history, hail each other by lifting up their glasses and saying: "to Arthur!". The hailing slowing spread throughout the bar to the streets outside, and finally around the world. The advertisement ends with the voiceover: "Join the worldwide celebration, of a man named Arthur".[133]

This gave rise to the event now known as Arthur's Day. "Arthur's Day is a series of events and celebrations taking place around the world to celebrate the life and legacy of Arthur Guinness and the much-loved Guinness beer which Arthur brought to the world."[134]

Following the COVID-19 pandemic and pub closures, Guinness produced a "Looks Like Guinness" advert in anticipation of pubs reopening in 2021.[135][136][137]

Worldwide sales

[edit]
A Guinness counter mount and tap in a Johannesburg pub

In 2006, sales of Guinness in Ireland and the United Kingdom declined 7 percent.[clarification needed][138] Despite this, Guinness still accounts for more than a quarter of all beer sold in Ireland.[139] By 2015, sales were on the rise in Ireland but flat globally.[140] By 2023, Guinness had grown to become the most popular draught beer in the United Kingdom, with about 11% of all sales.[141]

Guinness began retailing in India in 2007.[142][143]

Guinness has a significant share of the African beer market, where it has been sold since 1827. About 40 percent of worldwide total Guinness volume is brewed and sold in Africa, with Foreign Extra Stout the most popular variant. Three of the five Guinness-owned breweries worldwide are located in Africa.[144]

The beer is brewed under licence internationally in several countries, including Nigeria,[145][146] the Bahamas, Canada,[147] Cameroon, Kenya, Uganda, South Korea, Namibia, and Indonesia.[148]

In 2017, Guinness teamed up with AB InBev to distribute Guinness in mainland China. China is the single biggest worldwide alcohol market, especially for imported craft beers like Guinness.[149]

The United Kingdom is the only sovereign state to consume more Guinness than Ireland. In 2023, a pub in Worcester claimed to offer the cheapest pint of Guinness in the UK, at £2.[150] The third-largest Guinness drinking nation is Nigeria, followed by the USA;[151] the United States consumed more than 950 million hectoliters (2.1×1010 imp gal; 2.5×1010 U.S. gal) of Guinness in 2010.[139]

Merchandising

[edit]

The Guinness Storehouse at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin is the most popular tourist attraction in Ireland (attracting over 1.7 million visitors in 2019) where a self-guided tour includes an account of the ingredients used to make the stout and a description of how it is made.[152][153] Visitors can sample the smells of each Guinness ingredient in the Tasting Rooms, which are coloured with a unique lighting design that emits Guinness's gold and black branding.[154]

The Guinness Book of Records started as a Guinness marketing giveaway, based on an idea of its then Managing Director, Sir Hugh Beaver. Its holding company, Guinness World Records Ltd, was owned by Guinness plc, subsequently Diageo, until 2001.[155]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Guinness Draught. Guinness'. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Famous Brewer Expands with National Launch of GUINNESS Black Lager – NORWALK, Conn., Aug. 24, 2011 /PRNewswire/" (Press release). Connecticut, Ireland: Prnewswire.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  3. ^ "Why Guinness is less Irish than you think". The Economist. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  4. ^ Fabb, Debbie (23 November 2007). "Last orders for Guinness?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  5. ^ Barry, Dan (28 August 2000). "In Ireland's Pubs, a Startling Trend". Lisdoonvarna Journal. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2008. ...  Guinness stout remains the best-selling alcoholic beverage in Ireland, over the last year its consumption here has declined by nearly 4 percent.
  6. ^ a b "Guinness Storehouse FAQ – Does Guinness Draught use the same brewing recipe as Extra Stout?". Guinness Storehouse. 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  7. ^ "Guinness". 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ^ "Guinness Storehouse". Guinness-storehouse.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  9. ^ Julianne Pepitone (24 September 2009). "Guinness celebrates 250 years". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  10. ^ Guinness, Patrick (2008). Arthur's Round: the Life and Times of Brewing Legend Arthur Guinness. London: Peter Owen. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7206-1296-7.
  11. ^ "Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy 1759–1876", Patrick Lynch and John Vaizey, published 1960, pages 150–151
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Wilson, R. G. (2004). "Guinness, Edward Cecil, first earl of Iveagh (1847–1927), brewer and philanthropist - Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33601. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  13. ^ a b *Jackson, Michael (1977). The World Guide to Beer. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 0-89471-292-6., p. 156.
  14. ^ At Swim-Two-Birds, Flann O'Brien, ISBN 1-56478-181-X.
  15. ^ "Brewery was a 'safe haven' for WWI troops". independent. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  16. ^ "Guinness and the War 1914-18". The Little Museum of Dublin. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  17. ^ Evans, Bryce (9 October 2019). "How Guinness saved Ireland in World War II". Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Hughes, David (2006). A Bottle of Guinness Please. Phimboy. ISBN 978-0955371301.
  19. ^ a b Molloy, Thomas (17 June 2013). "Forget the Guinness publicity shots, drinks giant Diageo doesn't need us". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  20. ^ a b A Bottle of Guinness Please by David Hughes, Chapter 3
  21. ^ Ben McFarland & Tom Sandham (5 September 2014). "Thinking Drinkers: a beginner's guide to porter". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  22. ^ "Our History". 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ^ "Famous stock market scandals". Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  24. ^ "Guinness plc v Saunders". Casemine. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  25. ^ "Spirits soar at Diageo". Findarticles.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  26. ^ "Guinness to close its London Brewery". Findarticles.com. 26 April 2004. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  27. ^ "House flag, Guinness Co". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  28. ^ Bourke, Edward. "The Guinness Fleets". On-line Journal of Research on Irish Maritime History. Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  29. ^ P3, main news section, by Daniel McConnell, Sunday Independent, 17 June 2007.
  30. ^ "Diageo pledges green future for the black stuff". Foodanddrinkeurope.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  31. ^ Gergely, Andras (9 May 2008). "Diageo keeps Dublin Guinness site, to build new one". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  32. ^ "Diageo is 'seriously considering' Irish move". Independent.ie. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  33. ^ "Diageo denies report it plans tax move to Ireland". Reuters. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  34. ^ "Guinness Is Going Vegan". The New York Times. 4 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  35. ^ "Guinness to Go Vegan After 256 Years". Foodandwine.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  36. ^ "FAQs". Guinness.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  37. ^ a b c "Guinness Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Guinness.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  38. ^ "Some Thoughts On Guinness". 21 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  39. ^ "49M – Ye Iron Lung – GCC Canal Boat – Dublin 1928". 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  40. ^ Jackson, Kate; Wallis, Sara (21 May 2007). "Guinness – 'May Contain Fish'". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  41. ^ "Dyed Smarties make vegetarians see red". The Age. Melbourne. AAP. 29 October 2004. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  42. ^ "Results of Irish Brewery Survey 1999". Vegetarian Society. 1999. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  43. ^ Barton, Laura (15 May 2007). "Veggies beware!". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  44. ^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Guinness". VinePair. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  45. ^ a b c d e "How Does the Beer Can Widget Work?". HowStuffWorks. 16 August 2000. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  46. ^ morningadvertiser.co.uk (16 May 2016). "The man who created the nitro stout". morningadvertiser.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  47. ^ "Advertising the Black Stuff in Ireland 1959-1999: through a Guinness glass brightly". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  48. ^ O'Connor, Rachael. "Remembering Arthur Guinness, creator of 'the black stuff', born on this day in 1725". The Irish Post. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  49. ^ "Guinness Storehouse Factsheet" (PDF). Guinness Storehouse. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  50. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Guinness.com. Guinness & Co. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  51. ^ Bill Yenne (5 October 2007). Guinness: The 250 Year Quest for the Perfect Pint. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-470-12052-1.
  52. ^ Brown Stephen (10 January 2011). Selling Stories Successfully. 40K. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-88-6586-047-2. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  53. ^ "The Advertising Standards Authority for Ireland :: Alcoholic Drinks". Asai.ie. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  54. ^ "Guinness could really be good for you". BBC Online. BBC News. 13 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  55. ^ Mann LB, Folts JD (April 2004). "Effects of ethanol and other constituents of alcoholic beverages on coronary heart disease: a review". Pathophysiology. 10 (2): 105–12. doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2003.10.011. PMID 15006416.
  56. ^ Guinness website[dead link] Guinness Extra Cold
  57. ^ "APB: About APB: Our Markets: Singapore". 2 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  58. ^ "Guinness® Foreign Extra Stout". Guinness. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  59. ^ Protz, R. (1996). The Ale Trail. Kent: Eric Dobby Publishing. pp. 174–176.
  60. ^ "Home". Martin's. Archived from the original on 22 September 2009.
  61. ^ Hughes, David A Bottle of Guinness Please, 2006
  62. ^ "Guinness Zero: Diageo tests alcohol free stout". Belfast Telegraph. 31 August 2015. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  63. ^ "Low alcohol Guinness Stout". Archives.tcm.ie. 9 February 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  64. ^ Weaker stout designed to pull Guinness out of a slump Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Irish Times
  65. ^ "Guinness Red". Guinness.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013.
  66. ^ "Guinness to offer new stout for limited time". NBC News. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  67. ^ "Cork City and County Archives". footnote 39. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  68. ^ "Cork City and County Archives". Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  69. ^ "Guinness sales rally for Diageo in". Barkeeper.ie. 23 February 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  70. ^ "Guinness to launch fourth in brewhouse series". Barkeeper.ie. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  71. ^ "Guinness unveils 'perfect pint' to reverse poor sales". marketingweek.com. Marketing Week. 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  72. ^ "Mine's a pint of plain and a surger please". irishexaminer.com. Irish Examiner. 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  73. ^ "Guinness Releases Guinness Irish Wheat and Guinness Milk Stout". brewpublic.com. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  74. ^ Ó Briain, Mícheál (26 June 1979). "Space Age Launch for Guinness Light 1979". RTÉ Archives. RTÉ. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  75. ^ "breo, n". teanglann.ie. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  76. ^ Dunne, Alex (7 June 2021). "Remembering Guinness Breo - a short-lived, unloved beer from the iconic company". DublinLive. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  77. ^ "Sauce Partners – HP Guinness". Heinz.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013.
  78. ^ "Guinness trials new black lager in Malaysia". Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
  79. ^ Pete (11 October 2010). "Grab A Beer: Guinness Foreign Extra Stout". Seattlebeernews.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  80. ^ Rooney, Ben (5 September 2014). "Guinness to sell American style lager in U.S. market". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  81. ^ "Guinness® Baltimore Blonde". Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  82. ^ "Hop House 13 launch". verve.ie. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  83. ^ "Guinness® Hop House 13 Lager". www.guinness.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  84. ^ Taylor, Charlie (3 May 2021). "Hop House 13 to live on locally after being axed in Britain". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  85. ^ "Pint lovers may be spinning at the notion: Conor Pope tries alcohol-free Guinness". The Irish Times. 23 October 2020. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  86. ^ Smithers, Rebecca (11 November 2020). "Guinness recalls non-alcoholic stout over contamination fears". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  87. ^ "Guinness Announces Irish Launch of Guinness 0.0 Non-Alcoholic Beer". 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  88. ^ "Guinness NITROSURGE". Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  89. ^ "Beer Myths". Tale of Ale. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  90. ^ The Guinness two-part pour is just a marketing ploy: It doesn’t matter how you put stout into a glass, the result is the same Archived 8 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Irish Times, Dan Griffin, 31 March 2018
  91. ^ Factsheet Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, PDF, Guinness Breweries.
  92. ^ How to Pour a Guinness the Right Way... But Does it Really Matter? Archived 7 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine Kegworks, 26 February 2019
  93. ^ "World's best ads ever #39: Guinness debuts 'Good Things Come to Those Who Wait' in 'Swim Black'". The Drum. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  94. ^ "Guinness WebStore". www.guinnesswebstore.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  95. ^ "Guinness". 5 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  96. ^ "Cold comfort for Guinness drinkers". The Irish Times. 6 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  97. ^ a b c d e Murray, Fergal (12 March 2007). "How to Pour the Perfect Guinness". Esquire. Archived from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  98. ^ a b Kundu, Suze. "The Science Behind Pouring The Perfect Pint Of Guinness". Forbes. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  99. ^ "Diageo Bar Academy | TOP TIPS FOR SERVING THE PERFECT PINT OF GUINNESS". www.diageobaracademy.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  100. ^ "New Guinness Glass Design". Morningadvertiser.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  101. ^ The Proper Way to Drink a Guinness. VinePair. Retrieved 9 November 2023. [failed verification]
  102. ^ You Have Probably Been Pouring And Drinking A Guinness The Wrong Way Your Entire Life. Business Insider. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  103. ^ Split the G. Urban Dictionary. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  104. ^ Everything You Need To Know About Guinness. Tasting Table. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  105. ^ St Patrick’s Day: How to pour the perfect pint of Guinness. The Independent. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  106. ^ Andy, Alexander; Zare, Dick (2004). "Do bubbles in Guinness go down?". University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  107. ^ "Science proves beer bubbles sink". BBC Online. BBC News. 16 March 2004. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  108. ^ "Technology Settles Longstanding Debate: Do Bubbles in a Glass of Guinness Go Down?". ANSYS, Inc. 21 December 1999. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  109. ^ "Falling stout bubbles explained". BBC Online. BBC News. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  110. ^ Benilov, Eugene; Cummins, Cathal; Lee, William (2012). "Sinking Bubbles in Stout Beers". University of Limerick, School of Mathematics and Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  111. ^ "Why do bubbles in Guinness sink? – Cathal Cummins – MACSI" on YouTube
  112. ^ Yenne, Bill (2007). Guinness: The 250 Year Quest for the Perfect Pint. John Wiley & Sons. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-470-12052-1. the specific harp that benjamin lee chose.
  113. ^ a b c d Russell, Mallory. "250 YEARS OF GENIUS: A Look At The Evolution Of Guinness Advertising". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  114. ^ "Royal College of Physicians. Guinness is good for you?". Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  115. ^ Griffiths, Mark (2004). Guinness is Guinness: The Colourful Story of a Black and White Brand. Cyan Communications. ISBN 0-9542829-4-9.
  116. ^ Davison, Phil (30 December 2011). "Len Fulford: Director behind the 'Go to work on an egg' and Guinness 'toucan' commercials". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  117. ^ "New chief for Watney Mann (Business Appointments)". The Times (61433): 19, col A. 18 January 1983.
  118. ^ Hayward, Tim (17 September 2009). "'Guinness mid-strength' on trial". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  119. ^ "The Best Ever Guinness Adverts? Guinness Pure Genius & Surfer". SEIKK. 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  120. ^ "Instrumentals at Number One". UK Chart Facts & Feats. 24 April 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
  121. ^ Parkinson, David. "Critical Assignment". RadioTimes. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  122. ^ Foster, Jo (17 April 2003). "Africa's very own 'James Bond'". BBC. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  123. ^ "Award-winning 'Surfer' advert". amvbbdo.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008.
  124. ^ "CLIO Awards, One of the World's Most Prestigious Industry Competitions, Announces Winners for the 2010 Interactive & Innovative Awards in New York City". CLIO Awards. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  125. ^ a b Waithaka, Wanjiru (30 August 2007). "Guinness courts football fans in new campaign". Business Daily. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  126. ^ White, Amy (27 August 2004). "Southeast Asia: Guinness steps up beer label war with Adam King". BrandRepublic. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  127. ^ "Sharks Award Winners 2003" (PDF). International Advertising Festival of Ireland. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2009.
  128. ^ "Winners of the 43rd Shark Awards 2005" (PDF). International Advertising Festival of Ireland. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2009.
  129. ^ Gordon, Caoimhe (21 December 2015). "The best Christmas adverts". Trinity News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  130. ^ "Irish International Christmas Guinness". Irish International. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  131. ^ Gunn, D.; Wilkie, E. (30 November 2006). The Gunn Report and Showreel of the Year (8th ed.). FlaxmanWilkie. ISBN 978-0-9551646-1-3.
  132. ^ "Drinks Giant Raises A Glass To New Advert". Sky News. British Sky Broadcasting. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  133. ^ "Guinness 250 Advert – To Arthur". YouTube. 19 September 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  134. ^ "Join the worldwide celebration of Arthur's Day 2010". Guinness.com. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  135. ^ Tom Ewing (2 July 2021). "Can Guinness Save The Pub?". system1group.com. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  136. ^ "Guinness Advert – Always on My Mind – TV Advert Songs".
  137. ^ "Guinness Ads Insert Cold Pints into Classic Summer Moments".
  138. ^ Harrison, Shane (6 March 2007). "Guinness sales losing their froth". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  139. ^ a b "Login to Passport". Euromonitor International. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  140. ^ "Sales of Guinness up in Ireland but unchanged globally". Irish Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  141. ^ Back in black: how Guinness rose from pub bore to flavour of the year. Raconteur. 16 March 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  142. ^ "INDIA: Diageo to up Guinness India roll-out". just-drinks.com. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  143. ^ "Diageo may brew Guinness beer locally". 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  144. ^ Saladino, Emily (12 March 2013). "11 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Guinness". Food Republic. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  145. ^ Purefoy, Christian (12 August 2009). "Guinness' success highlights opportunity in Nigeria, Africa". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  146. ^ "Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (Nigeria)". RateBeer. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  147. ^ "Guinness FAQs". Gigfy.com. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  148. ^ "Guinness Foreign Extra Stout (Indonesian)". RateBeer. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  149. ^ Natalie Wang (31 August 2017). "AB InBev to distribute Guinness in China". drinks business. Union Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  150. ^ Pub selling pints of Guinness for a third of London price. Metro. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  151. ^ "Last orders for London Guinness". BBC News. 15 April 2004. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  152. ^ Kirsner, Scott (May 2002). "Brand Marketing:"guinness storehouse is a way to get in touch with a new generation"". Fast Company (58): 92–100. ProQuest 228787080.
  153. ^ Beresford, Jack. "Dublin's Guinness Storehouse named Ireland's top visitor attraction of 2019". The Irish Post. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  154. ^ "The Tasting Rooms, Guinness Storehouse". Michael Grubb Studio. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  155. ^ "Gullane Entertainment to Acquire Guinness World Records". PRNewswire. Cision. 1 July 2001. Archived from the original on 20 August 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via Yahoo.com.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Patrick Lynch and John Vaizey – Guinness's Brewery in the Irish Economy: 1759–1876 (1960) Cambridge University Press
  • Frederic Mullally – The Silver Salver: The Story of the Guinness Family (1981) Granada, ISBN 0-246-11271-9
  • Brian Sibley – The Book Of Guinness Advertising (1985) Guinness Books, ISBN 0-85112-400-3
  • Peter Pugh – Is Guinness Good for You: The Bid for Distillers – The Inside Story (1987) Financial Training Publications, ISBN 1-85185-074-0
  • Edward Guinness – The Guinness Book of Guinness (1988) Guinness Books
  • Michele Guinness – The Guinness Legend: The Changing Fortunes of a Great Family (1988) Hodder and Stoughton General Division, ISBN 0-340-43045-1
  • Jonathan Guinness – Requiem for a Family Business (1997) Macmillan Publishing, ISBN 0-333-66191-5
  • Derek Wilson – Dark and Light: The Story of the Guinness Family (1998) George Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Ltd., ISBN 0-297-81718-3
  • S. R. Dennison and Oliver MacDonagh – Guinness 1886–1939: From Incorporation to the Second World War (1998) Cork University Press, ISBN 1-85918-175-9
  • Jim Davies – The Book of Guinness Advertising (1998) Guinness Media Inc., ISBN 0-85112-067-9
  • Al Byrne – Guinness Times: My Days in the World’s Most Famous Brewery (1999) Town House, ISBN 1-86059-105-1
  • Michele Guinness – The Guinness Spirit: Brewers, Bankers, Ministers and Missionaries (1999) Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 0-340-72165-0
  • Tony Corcoran – The Goodness of Guinness: The Brewery, Its People and the City of Dublin (2005) Liberties Press, ISBN 0-9545335-7-7
  • Mark Griffiths – Guinness is Guinness... the colourful story of a black and white brand (2005) Cyanbooks, London. ISBN 1-904879-28-4.
  • Charles Gannon – Cathal Gannon – The Life and Times of a Dublin Craftsman (2006) Lilliput Press, Dublin. ISBN 1-84351-086-3.
  • Bill Yenne – Guinness The 250-year quest for the perfect pint (2007) John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. ISBN 978-0-470-12052-1.
  • Iorwerth Griffiths – 'Beer and Cider in Ireland: The Complete Guide' (2008) Liberties Press ISBN 978-1-905483-17-4
  • P. Guinness – Arthur's Round Peter Owen, London 2008, ISBN 978-0-7206-1296-7
  • David Hughes, A Bottle of Guinness Please, 2006, Phimboy, ISBN 0-9553713-0-9
  • Joe Joyce – The Untold Story of the Guinness Family – Poolbeg press ISBN 9781842234037
  • Edward J. Bourke, The Guinness story, The Family, The Business, The Black Stuff, 2009 O'Brien press ISBN 978-1-84717-145-0
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guinness.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinness&oldid=1253858024"