Dimethylaniline

N,N-Dimethylaniline
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name N,N-Dimethylaniline
	Other names DMA; Dimethylaminobenzene; N,N-Dimethylbenzeneamine; N,N-Dimethylphenylamine
Identifiers
CAS Number	121-69-7 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:16269 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL371654 ;
ChemSpider	924 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.004.085
KEGG	C02846 ;
PubChem CID	949;
UNII	7426719369 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2020507 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C8H11N/c1-9(2)8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,1-2H3 Key: JLTDJTHDQAWBAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES CN(C)c1ccccc1;
Properties
Chemical formula	C8H11N
Molar mass	121.183 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Odor	amine-like
Density	0.956 g/mL
Melting point	2 °C (36 °F; 275 K)
Boiling point	194 °C (381 °F; 467 K)
Solubility in water	2% (20°C)
Vapor pressure	1 mmHg (20°C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	-89.66·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Flash point	63 °C (145 °F; 336 K)
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1410 mg/kg (rat, oral)
LCLo (lowest published)	50 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) [skin]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 5 ppm (25 mg/m3) ST 10 ppm (50 mg/m3) [skin]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	100 ppm
Safety data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) is an organic chemical compound, a substituted derivative of aniline. It is a tertiary amine, featuring a dimethylamino group attached to a phenyl group. This oily liquid is colourless when pure, but commercial samples are often yellow. It is an important precursor to dyes such as crystal violet.

Preparation

DMA was first reported in 1850 by the German chemist A. W. Hofmann, who prepared it by heating aniline and iodomethane:^[3]^[4]

C₆H₅NH₂ + 2 CH₃I → C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂ + 2 HI

DMA is produced industrially by alkylation of aniline with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst:^[5]

C₆H₅NH₂ + 2 CH₃OH → C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂ + 2 H₂O

Similarly, it is also prepared using dimethyl ether as the methylating agent.

Reactions

Dimethylaniline undergoes many of the reactions expected for an aniline, being weakly basic and reactive toward electrophiles.^[6]

It is nitrated to produce tetryl, a derivative with four nitro groups which was once used as explosive. In acidic solution, the initial nitration gives 3-nitrodimethylaniline.^[7] It reacts with butyllithium to give the 2-lithio derivative. Electrophilic methylating agents like dimethyl sulfate attack the amine to give the quaternary ammonium salt:^[8]

C₆H₅N(CH₃)₂ +(CH₃O)₂SO₂ → C₆H₅N(CH₃)₃CH₃OSO₃

Diethylaniline and dimethylaniline are both used as acid-absorbing bases.

Applications

DMA is a key precursor to commercially important triarylmethane dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet.^[9] DMA serves as a promoter in the curing of polyester and vinyl ester resins.^[10] DMA is also used as a precursor to other organic compounds. A study of the in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline using guinea pig and rabbit preparations and GLC techniques has confirmed N-demethylation and N-oxidation as metabolic pathways, and has also established ring hydroxylation as a metabolic route.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0223". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b "N,N-Dimethylaniline". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Watts, Henry, A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, Part 2, (London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1881), Methylanilines, p. 1306
^
In 1850, August Hofmann announced his synthesis of methylaniline:
- Hofmann, A. W. (1850) "Researches regarding the molecular constitution of the volatile organic bases," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 140 : 93–131 ; see especially pp. 113-114.
However, in 1877, the Swiss chemist Alfred Kern (1850–1893) contended that Hofmann's reaction produced only dimethylaniline, not methylaniline:
- Kern, A. (1877) "Ueber die Darstellung von Monomethylanilin" (On the preparation of monomethylaniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 195–199.
Hofmann found that acetic anhydride reacted only with methylaniline, not with dimethylaniline, and was thus able to show that his reaction produced both the mono- and di-methylated forms of aniline:
- Hofmann, A. W. (1877) "Versuche über die Einwirkung des Chlor-, Brom- und Jodmethyls auf Anilin" (Experiments on the reaction of methyl chloride, bromide and iodide with aniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 591–601.
^ Kahl, Thomas et al. (2007) "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons: New York. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_303
^ Brewster, R. Q.; Schroeder, Wesley (1939). "P-Thiocyanatodimethylaniline". Organic Syntheses. 19: 79. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.019.0079.
^ Howard M. Fitch (1947). "m-Nitrodimethylaniline". Organic Syntheses. 27: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0062..
^ Jacques, J. and Marquet, A. (1973). "Selective α-Bromination of an Aralkyl Ketone with Phenyltrimethylammonium Tribromide: 2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene and 2,2-Dibromoacetyl-6-Methoxynaphthalene". Organic Syntheses. 53: 111. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.053.0111{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
^ Gessner, Thomas and Mayer, Udo (2002) "Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_179
^ General Info on DMA (N,N-Dimethylaniline), Composites Australia
^ Gorrod, J. W.; Gooderham, N. J. (1981). "The in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline by guinea pig and rabbit tissue preparations". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 6 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1007/BF03189489. PMID 7308239. S2CID 7221074.

[PGCH-1] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0223". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-2] "N,N-Dimethylaniline". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[3] Watts, Henry, A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences, Part 2, (London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1881), Methylanilines, p. 1306

[4] In 1850, August Hofmann announced his synthesis of methylaniline:
Hofmann, A. W. (1850) "Researches regarding the molecular constitution of the volatile organic bases," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 140 : 93–131 ; see especially pp. 113-114.
However, in 1877, the Swiss chemist Alfred Kern (1850–1893) contended that Hofmann's reaction produced only dimethylaniline, not methylaniline:
Kern, A. (1877) "Ueber die Darstellung von Monomethylanilin" (On the preparation of monomethylaniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 195–199.
Hofmann found that acetic anhydride reacted only with methylaniline, not with dimethylaniline, and was thus able to show that his reaction produced both the mono- and di-methylated forms of aniline:
Hofmann, A. W. (1877) "Versuche über die Einwirkung des Chlor-, Brom- und Jodmethyls auf Anilin" (Experiments on the reaction of methyl chloride, bromide and iodide with aniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 591–601.

[5] Hofmann, A. W. (1850) "Researches regarding the molecular constitution of the volatile organic bases," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 140 : 93–131 ; see especially pp. 113-114.

[6] Kern, A. (1877) "Ueber die Darstellung von Monomethylanilin" (On the preparation of monomethylaniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 195–199.

[7] Hofmann, A. W. (1877) "Versuche über die Einwirkung des Chlor-, Brom- und Jodmethyls auf Anilin" (Experiments on the reaction of methyl chloride, bromide and iodide with aniline), Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 10 : 591–601.

[Ullmann-5] Kahl, Thomas et al. (2007) "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons: New York. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_303

[6] Brewster, R. Q.; Schroeder, Wesley (1939). "P-Thiocyanatodimethylaniline". Organic Syntheses. 19: 79. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.019.0079.

[7] Howard M. Fitch (1947). "m-Nitrodimethylaniline". Organic Syntheses. 27: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.027.0062..

[8] Jacques, J. and Marquet, A. (1973). "Selective α-Bromination of an Aralkyl Ketone with Phenyltrimethylammonium Tribromide: 2-Bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene and 2,2-Dibromoacetyl-6-Methoxynaphthalene". Organic Syntheses. 53: 111. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.053.0111{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).

[9] Gessner, Thomas and Mayer, Udo (2002) "Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_179

[10] General Info on DMA (N,N-Dimethylaniline), Composites Australia

[11] Gorrod, J. W.; Gooderham, N. J. (1981). "The in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline by guinea pig and rabbit tissue preparations". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 6 (3): 195–206. doi:10.1007/BF03189489. PMID 7308239. S2CID 7221074.

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