Jump to content

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A'la Hazrat
Imam Ahl-e-Sunnat
Ahmad Raza Khan
Bareilly Sharif Dargah
Shrine of Ahmad Raza Khan in Bareilly, India
Personal
Born14 June 1856
Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
DiedOctober 1921(1921-10-00) (aged 65)
Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
Resting placeShrine of Ahmad Raza Khan, Uttar Pradesh, India
ReligionIslam
NationalityIndian
SpouseIrshad Begum
Children
Parents
CitizenshipBritish Indian
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi[1]
CreedMaturidi
MovementBarelvi
Main interest(s)Islamic theology, Hadith, Tafsir, Hanafi jurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
RelationsHassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson)(Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Subhan Raza Khan (Great- Great-Grandson)
Kaif Raza Khan (Great- Great-Grandson)
Tauqeer Raza Khan (Great Great-Grandson)
Muslim leader
SuccessorHamid Raza Khan
Influenced by
Influenced
Part of a series on
Barelvi movement
Ideology and influences
Key figures
History/Movement
Notable Scholars
Past

Present
Institutions
India

Pakistan

United Kingdom

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

South Africa

Notable Channels
Notable works
Notable Organisations
Islam portal

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi[a] (14 June 1856 – October 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat,[b] was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who is considered as the founder of the Barelvi movement.

Born in Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy and the sciences, and because he mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences he has been called a polymath by Francis Robinson, a leading Western scholar of Islam in South Asia.[3]

He was a reviver who wrote extensively in defense of Muhammad and popular Sufi practices. He influenced millions of people, and today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers in the region. Khan is viewed as a Mujaddid, or reviver of Islam by his followers.

Biography

Family background

Khan was born on 14 June 1856[4] to an Indian Muslim family in the mahallah of Jasoli in Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, British India.

The family belonged to the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Saeedullah Khan, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from Kandahar (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family later settled down in Bareilly.[5]

His father, Naqi Ali Khan, was an Islamic scholar.[6][7][8]

The name corresponding to the year of his birth was al-Mukhtar. His birth name was Muhammad.[9] Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" ("servant of the chosen one") prior to signing his name in correspondence.[10]

Teachers

According to the official Biography written by Mawlana Zafaruddin Bihari, some of his famous teachers included:[11][12]

  • Shah Aale Rasul (d. 1297/1879)
  • Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297/1880)
  • Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1299/1881)
  • Abd al-Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1301/1883)
  • Hussayn bin Saleh (d. 1302/1884)
  • Abul-Hussayn Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1324/1906)
  • 'Abd al-Ali Rampuri (d. 1303/1885)

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[13][14]

Barelvi movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered Wahhabism and the Deobandi movement, and by his writing and activity became the founder of the Barelvi movement.[15] The movement has spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[16] and Bangladesh.[17] The movement now has over 200 million followers globally.[16] The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when began but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as the South Asian diaspora throughout the world.[18]

The efforts of Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world.[19]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded an organization on 17 December 1920 and named it Jamat Raza E Mustafa.[20]

Death

Ahmed Raza Khan died in October 1921 (Safar 1340 AH) at the age of 65.[21] He is buried in his hometown of Bareilly.

Books

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razawiyya, and Kanz ul-Iman (Translation & Explanation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages.[22][23]

He also wrote many books on science and physics.[24]

Kanz ul-Iman (translation of the Qur'an)

Kanz ul-Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam,[22] and is a widely read version of the translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[23]

Husam ul-Haramain

Husam ul-Haramain or Husam al-Harmain Ala Munhir Kufr wal-Mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of disbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of Muhammad and finality of prophethood in their writings.[25][26][27] In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina.[citation needed] The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi.[28]

Fatawa Razawiyya

Fatawa Razawiyya or the full name al-Ataya fi-Nabaviah Fatawa-i Razawiyya (translates to Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[29][30] It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.[31][32]

He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-i Razawiyya, including:[33][34]

  • Islamic Law is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To refrain from misguidance is essential;
  • It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to associate with the deviants, and to participate in their festivals.

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

Main article: Hadaiq e Bakhshish

He wrote na'at (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him in the present tense.[35] His main book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[36]

His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity and directness.[37]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Hundreds of Thousands of Salutations upon Mustafa, the Paragon of Mercy), are recited in mosques globally. They contain praise of Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the Awliya and Salihin (the saints and the pious).[38][39]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj. Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahhabi Ulema regarding Knowledge of the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a high fever, despite the illness he tried to answer all the questions, he answered in such detail that the answer took the form of a book, and this book was named Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[40]

Religious views

Further information: Barelvi § Beliefs and practices

Khan saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[41] His movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of the Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere.[42]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported Tawassul, Mawlid,[16][43][44] Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Salafis and Deobandis.[35][45][46]

Prophet Muhammad

In this contrast to the beliefs of the Wahhabis and Deobandis, Ahmed Raza Khan supported the following beliefs:

  • Muhammad is a human being made of nur (light) and is all-seeing and all-hearing. This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad was insan-i-kamil (perfect person), but still a normal human.[47][48]
  • Muhammad is Haazir aur Naazir (on the deeds of his Ummah) which means that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.[49]

This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Iman) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.[50]

We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah's giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet's] and another [anyone else's]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

Non-Muslims

Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Hindu influences on Muslim identity. To differentiate between a Muslim and a non-Muslim he emphatically said:[51]

Presented with a choice of giving water to a thirsty non-Muslim or to a thirsty dog, a believer (Muslim) should make the offering to dog.

Permissibility of currency notes

In 1905, Khan, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[52]

Sectarian views

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Messiah, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Nabi Ummati, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the pristine form as practiced by Muhammad and early Sahaba.[53][54] Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).[55]

Deobandis

The theological difference with the Deobandi school began when Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.

  • He opposed the belief of a founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, who stated that God has the ability to lie.[56] This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.[57][56] Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad, a doctrine which was opposed by Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.[57][56]
  • He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has not got extensive knowledge of the unseen (Ilm e Ghaib).[56][57]

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs"). In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[58] However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust,[57] and this initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis which has lasted to the present.[58]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books against the beliefs and faith of Shia Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr.[59] He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion.[60][61]

Wahhabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahhabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, Khan's followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi movement and their beliefs.[62]

Political views

Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[63]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jihad or perform Hijra.[64] Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[65]

The Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan,[66] and many of Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.[13]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law along with the adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad.[67]

Recognition

  • On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.[68]
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and philosopher, said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments.[69] In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge."[70]
  • Prof. Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head of the department of Mathematics at Aligarh Muslim University, was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. He decided to visit Germany for the solution but at the request of his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor of Islamic Studies at Aligarh Muslim University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on a special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded in getting solutions.[71][72]
  • Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation of our most esteemed ancestors, is history-making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his life in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ... The valuable books written by an encyclopedic scholar like Ahmed Raza, in my view, are the lamps of light that will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time."[73]

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his appointed successor. After him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar Raza Khan as his successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.[76] He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[77] The following scholars are his notable successors:[78]

Educational influence

There are thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his school of thought across the Indian Subcontinent.

  • Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the main educational institute and learning center that provides Islam education.
  • Raza Academy publishing house in Mumbai
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Urdu: احمد رضا خان بریلوی قادری, romanized: Aḥmed Raẓā Khān Barelvī
  2. ^ Urdu: اعلٰی حضرت, romanized: Aʿlā Ḥaẓrat

References

  1. ^ Rahman, Tariq. "Munāẓarah Literature in Urdu: An Extra-Curricular Educational Input in Pakistan's Religious Education." Islamic Studies (2008): 197–220.
  2. ^ Team, IslamiEducation (8 December 2008). "Fazle Rasul Badayuni and Deobandi methodology". IslamiEducation. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  3. ^ Robinson, Francis (1988). Varieties of South Asian Islam. The Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations (CRER), University of Warwick. p. 8.
  4. ^ Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
  5. ^ Maheshwari, Anil; Singh, Richa (2021). Syncretic Islam: life and times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. New Delhi: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-93-5435-007-8. OCLC 1263343120.
  6. ^ Sanyal, Usha (30 April 2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". In Kassam, Zayn R.; Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg; Bagli, Jehan (eds.). Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer Netherlands. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 9789402412673. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2021 – via Springer Link.
  7. ^ Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  8. ^ "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  9. ^ Ala Hadhrat by Bastawi, p. 25
  10. ^ Man huwa Ahmed Rida by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15
  11. ^ Bihari, Zafar'uddin. Hayat-e-Ala'hazrat (in Urdu). Lahore: Maktaba-e-Razaviyah. p. 12.
  12. ^ "Full text of 'The Reformer of the Muslim World By Dr. Muhammad Masood Ahmad'". archive.org. 2 August 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005). The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam Ahmed Raza Khan in the Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi.
  14. ^ "Imam Raza Ahmed Khan". sunnah.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  15. ^ Sanyal, Usha (2018). "Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi". Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. pp. 22–24. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_1951. ISBN 978-94-024-1266-6. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  16. ^ a b c "Barelvi". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  17. ^ "Noted Sufi heads denounce fatwa issued by Barelvis". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  18. ^ "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  19. ^ Continuity and transformation in a Naqshbandi tariqa in Britain, The changing relationship between Mazar (shrine) and dar-al-ulum(seminary) revisited Ron Geaves https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/sufism-today-heritage-and-tradition-in-the-global-community/continuity-and-transformation-in-a-naqshbandi-tariqa-in-britain Archived 12 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ "About Jamat Raza e Mustafa". Jamat Raza -E- Mustafa. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  21. ^ Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-19-563699-4.
  22. ^ a b Paula Youngman Skreslet; Rebecca Skreslet (2006). The Literature of Islam: A Guide to the Primary Sources in English Translation. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5408-6. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  23. ^ a b Maarif Raza, Karachi, Pakistan. Vol.29, Issue 1–3, 2009, pages 108–09
  24. ^ "Fauz-e-Mobeen : Internet Archive". Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  25. ^ Thomas K. Gugler (2011). "When Democracy is Not the Only Game in Town: Sectarian Conflicts in Pakistan". In Stig Toft Madsen; Kenneth Bo Nielsen; Uwe Skoda (eds.). Trysts with Democracy: Political Practice in South Asia. Anthem Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-85728-773-1. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  26. ^ Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-19-563699-4.
  27. ^ Ismail Khan (19 October 2011). "The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism". Hudson Institute. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  28. ^ Arshad Alam (2013). "The Enemy Within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India". In Filippo Osella; Caroline Osella (eds.). Islamic Reform in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-107-03175-3. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  29. ^ "Jamia Rizvia of Bareilly to be upgraded to a university". milligazette.com. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  30. ^ Maulana Shakir Noorie (10 October 2008). What is Sacrifice?: Qurbani kya hai?. Sunni. pp. 12–. GGKEY:G6T13NU1Q2T.
  31. ^ "Dargah Ala Hazrat: Fatva Razabia is encyclopedia of Fatvas". jagran. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  32. ^ David Emmanuel Singh (2012). Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response. Walter de Gruyter. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-61451-246-2.
  33. ^ Yoginder Sikand (2005). Bastions of The Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. Penguin Books Limited. p. 73. ISBN 978-93-5214-106-7. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  34. ^ Sita Ram Sharma (1998). Politics and government of communalism. APH Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7024-933-7.
  35. ^ a b Ian Richard Netton (2013). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1.
  36. ^ Raza, Muhammad Shahrukh (22 November 2012). "sharah Hadaiq e Bakhshish - Books Library - Online School - Read – Download – eBooks – Free – Learning – Education – School – College – University – Guide – Text Books – Studies". Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  37. ^ Contributions to Indian Sociology. Mouton. 1993.
  38. ^ "Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". 19 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  39. ^ Noormuhammad, Siddiq Osman. "Salaam by Imam Ahmed Raza Khan". Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  40. ^ Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya, Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri (25 November 2016). "A brief history of Al Daulatul Makkiyah Bil Maadatil Ghaibiya by Mufti Zahid Hussain Al-Qadiri". Youtube. Noori Amjadi. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  41. ^ Marshall Cavendish Reference (2011). Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1.
  42. ^ Francis Robinson (2002). "Perso-Islamic culture in India". In Robert L. Canfield (ed.). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5.
  43. ^ "Alahazrat as a Mujaddid". Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  44. ^ Anil Maheshwari, Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi, Bloombury, 2021
  45. ^ Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse (19 April 2024). Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. p. 64. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.
  46. ^ Abdulkader Tayob; Inga Niehaus; Wolfram Weisse (19 April 2024). Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Waxmann Verlag. p. 76. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.
  47. ^ Tariq Rahman (July–December 2002). "Images of the 'Other' in Pakistani Textbooks". Pakistan Perspectives. 7 (2): 46. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  48. ^ Akbar S. Ahmed (1999) [First published 1993]. Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World. I.B. Tauris Publishers. pp. 118, 174. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9.
  49. ^ N. C. Asthana; A.Nirmal (2009). Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Pointer Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  50. ^ Mufti Abubaker Siddiq Ash-Shazli Sahab (29 June 2013). "The Prophet is Hazir o Nazir". Kanzul Islam. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  51. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2008). Partisans of Allah : Jihad in South Asia (1 ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780674028012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  52. ^ "Phamphlet on Currency". dawateislami.net. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016.
  53. ^ "My Claim to Promised Messiahship – The Review of Religions". reviewofreligions.org. January 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  54. ^ Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (2018). Elucidation of Objectives: English Translation of Taudih-e-Maram : a Treatise. Islam International. ISBN 978-1-85372-742-9. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  55. ^ Aziz, Zahid. (2008). A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims and work Archived 9 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam (AAIIL), UK. p. 43, ISBN 978-1-906109-03-5.
  56. ^ a b c d Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, 99 (3), Blackwell Publishing: 484, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x, archived from the original on 28 October 2021, retrieved 2 June 2020
  57. ^ a b c d Ingram Brannon D. (2018). Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. University of California Press. pp. 7, 64, 100, 241. ISBN 978-0-520-29800-2. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  58. ^ a b *Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), ISBN 978-1610691772, pp. 59–67 *R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, ISBN 978-1621570257, pp. 100–101
  59. ^ Sampark: Journal of Global Understanding. Sampark Literary Services. 2004. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  60. ^ Fatawa-e-Razavia, Fatwa on Sunni marriage with shia, Book of Marriage; vol.11/pg345, Lahore edition
  61. ^ "Fiqh: Sunni marriage with Shia", www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk, archived from the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 4 September 2015
  62. ^ "Kafirs". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  63. ^ R. Upadhyay, Barelvis and Deobandis: "Birds of the Same Feather" Archived 4 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Eurasia Review, courtesy of the South Asia Analysis Group. 28 January 2011.
  64. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2009). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-674-03907-0.
  65. ^ M. Naeem Qureshi (1999). Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 90-04-11371-1. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  66. ^ Ingvar Svanberg; David Westerlund (2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-136-11322-2.
  67. ^ Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century Archived 17 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press
  68. ^ "Shaykh Yaqoubi Advocates Imam Ahmed Raza as a Mujaddid from Indian Subcontinent !!!!". Sunni Talk. Takbeer TV. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  69. ^ Arafat, 1970, Lahore.
  70. ^ Weekly Uffaq News Paper, Karachi. 22–28 January 1979.
  71. ^ Assunnah Trust. "Aala Hazrat - An Adept Mathematician, Scientist and Economist". Scribd. Archived from the original on 28 August 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  72. ^ Zafar-ud-din. Hayat e Ala Hazrat (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). Kashmir International Publishers. pp. 265–272.
  73. ^ Razavi (June 2020). "Anjuman Tehreek e AhleSunnat". Anwar e Qadriya.
  74. ^ "Ala Hazrat Express/14312 Live Running Train Status". runningstatus.in. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  75. ^ Commemorative Stamps, India Archived 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  76. ^ "Mufti Asjad Raza conferred with 'Qadi Al-Qudaat' title | Bareilly News". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  77. ^ Shah Ahmed Rida Khan – The "Neglected Genius of the East" by Professor Muhammad Ma'sud Ahmad M.A. P.H.D. – Courtesy of "The Muslim Digest", May/June 1985, pp. 223–230
  78. ^ Sanyal, Usha (1998)
  79. ^ "19th Jumada al-Aakhir | Allamah Zafar al-Din Bihari (Alayhir Rahmah)". www.ahlesunnat.net. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  80. ^ "Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation". Ashrafiya Islamic Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  81. ^ "Hazrat Allama Hashmat Ali Khan Rizvi". www.ziaetaiba.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

Bibliography

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Husam ul Harmain
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi&oldid=1253472171"